Mosquito-borne Diseases of California

In California, the most important infectious diseases associated with mosquitoes are those resulting from infection by _.

Arbovirus is the term applied to viruses that are associated with _

The _ is the second most important vector (worldwide)

In California, only _ arboviruses are known to cause diseases in humans or other animals of economic value.

The most frequently contracted diseases associated with mosquitoes in California are (3)

Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on infected _ (usually _ in the case of
California arboviruses)

vertebrates must be circulating the arbovirus in their _ _ . This is called a _ , which may last for _ _

In the case of _ _ virus, some birds develop a viremia, others do not

Some bird species develop a _ infection, others do not

If the viremia is _ enough at the time the female mosquito takes a blood meal, and if the mosquito is a competent _ , a generalized _ occurs, and the virus eventually infects the _ _ of the mosquito.

Most arboviruses are neuroinvasive , which means that the viruses may infect the _ _ of the host, causing diseases such as _

is possible for certain species of mosquito to transmit certain viruses after only _ _ _

some mosquito species can transmit their _ from infected females to their offspring,
and the next generation of female mosquitoes is infected when they emerge.
This is known as _ transmission

As with nearly all _-_ infections, blood transfusions, organ transplants, and the transfer of _ from mother to fetus may result in infections.

The _ period of most human arbovirus diseases (the period between the time a person is bitten by an infected mosquito until that person develops disease symptoms) ranges from #-# days.

California Encephalitis = Aedes _ ?

St. Louis Encephalitis = Culex _ , Culex _?

Western equine encephalomyelitis = Culex _

West Nile virus = Culex _ , Culex _ , Culex _

Malaria = Anopheles _ , Anopheles _

Dog heartworm = _ spp. , _ sp..

There have been only # confirmed cases of
California encephalitis in California

Although there have only been a few cases
associated with this virus, it has been isolated from mosquitoes many times throughout the _ Valley, mainly from the Aedes melanimon

Western equine encephalomyelitis occurs over much of the _ _ . It was first recognized in the 1930s as a human and _ mosquito-borne disease

Mainly in the _ Valley of California, thousands of _ and horses have died from severe infections due to WEE virus

As with many _ infections, only a #? of infected people will suffer from severe disease. Responses to the WEE range from _, to _, to encephalitis

Recovery with life-long _ is the usual course, but infections in _ _ can result in neurologic sequelae (long-lasting
nervous system afflictions such as palsy after recovery.)

In California, as in most of western North America, the primary vector of WEE is Culex _.

WEE : In the _ season, birds are the primary vertebrate hosts.

In recent years, human cases of WEE have become relatively _ . Horse case numbers are also down from historic levels. This change is due to the efforts of _ _ and the development of _ _ _ for horses

Before the introduction of West Nile virus into California in 2003, _ _ _ virus was the leading cause of arbovirus infections in the
state.

Since its discovery in the U.S. in 1933, _ _ _ has been responsible for several large disease outbreaks

The virus that causes SLE can be found in _ , but it does _ _ _ _.

The transmission cycle for SLE is similar to that of WEE, with _ as the main vertebrate host

Culex _ is the primary mosquito vector of SLE

SLE : Culex  _ maybe an important _ vector

_ _ _ was first isolated in Uganda
1937

_ _ was first detected in North America in 1998. It is _ how the virus was introduced

In humans, WNV infection usually produces either no discernable _ or mild to moderate _-_ disease with fever, sometimes with a _.

WNV can cause severe and even fatal disease affecting the _ and _ _ (West Nile neuroinvasive disease) in a small number of people

People who are infected with WNV and have flu-like symptoms are said to have _ _ _.

_ in a wide
variety of bird species has been a hallmark of WNV activity

WNV has been shown to affect almost #?species of birds, but most survive WNV infection

WNV is transmitted mainly by several species of _ , the usual
vectors of SLE

#? California species of mosquitoes
have been shown to be infected with WNV in nature. Not all these species are important _

_ and _ can also become infected with WNV by the bite of an infected mosquito

Hosts, such as humans and horses, that do not develop a _ cannot pass along the virus on to uninfected mosquitoes and are thus called _-_ hosts

WNV : Transmission during pregnancy from mother to baby or transmission to an infant via _ is extremely _

Arboviruses: There are no specific _ for human disease caused by an arbovirus infection. In severe cases, intensive _ _ is involved.

_ can be protected from infection by WEE and WNV by effective _.

Globally, _ is the most important mosquito-borne disease, affecting
several hundred million people.

_ infections result in over 800,000 fatalities, the majority of which are _ and _ _ .

spp.? mosquitoes are the vectors of human malaria

Malaria : _ in the
genus _ are the causative agents

Before _ _ _, malaria was an important disease in California. But
because of a variety of factors including intense mosquito control efforts
directed at the mosquito species that transmit the malarial parasite, locally-
transmitted malaria is now _ in California

_ can be treated with any of several effective drugs. Some of these are used prophylactically
(prevention) and others therapeutically (treatment)

_ parasites have developed physiological
_ to several classes of drugs.

Malaria parasites have a very
_ life cycle

_ mosquitoes are the vectors of
human malaria

Dog heartworm : _  is a general term applied to infection of vertebrate animals.

A form of mosquito-borne _ is called _ filariasis because infection can cause impairment of the _ system

_ filariasis is a chronic disease that can lead to the well-known disfigurement of humans call _

Heartworm occurs in _, other _, and _

Dog heartworm : Heavy _ can result in large build up of worms in the _ system and can be fatal

_ called microfilariae, occur in the blood of infected vertebrate hosts and are taken up by female mosquitoes in a _ _

Aedes _ is the vector for Dog heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis)