Family Development CH 12

Power exercised over oneself is

Having a comfortable degree of personal power is important to

Social power is the ability to exercise

The extent to which research findings on conjugal power can be generalized to same-sex or to nonmarried heterosexual couples is generally untested and therefore

Relationship power involves

Another way to think about relationship or family power is to consider the concept of

a typology of six bases, or sources, of social power:

What are the 6 power bases

These bases of social power can be applied to the family, and we use them in analyzing

Expert power stems from the

Informational power is based on the

Referent power is based on a person's

A partner who attends a social function when he or she would rather not "Because my loved one wanted to go and so I wanted to go too" has been swayed by

In happy relationships, referent power _________as partners grow older together.

legitimate power stems from the

Legitimate power in traditional marriages involves acceptance by both partners of the

economic dependence of one partner on the other results in the dependent partner's being less powerful may be explained by understanding the interplay of

Although an older generation may hold to traditionally legitimated patriarchal power, the next generation may

The resource hypothesis posits that the partner with more resources can

Resources primarily include earnings and education, the latter resulting in

Better educated than wives at the time of the Blood and Wolfe study in the 1950s, husbands were also likely to have more _________________than wives.

Even men's greater physical strength can be an important resource, granting actual or potential _______power.

According to Gillespie, the resource hypothesis, which presents resources and power as

some cases patriarchal norms may be strong enough to override personal resources and

The concept of resources in cultural context stresses that society-wide gender structures influence

Individual resources fully influence conjugal power only when there is no cultural norm for conjugal power-either

If an egalitarian norm were to be thoroughly accepted society-wide, partners would share equal power regardless of their relative

Only in societies or situations where neither patriarchal nor egalitarian norms are firmly entrenched is

Even wives in evangelical families often have more decision-making power than

"Just as women's income does not buy them either relief from domestic labor or greater financial power, it does not give them

In an interesting twist, women can sometimes gain power from their

Even otherwise egalitarian-oriented men may assume they have ___________over major decisions.

Men's power may not always be visible, but they may be able to

Rather than risking confrontation, "The spouse with less power typically spends more time

Working for wages or even out earning a husband are resources that enhance a wife's

mobile phones and related technologies, such as Skype and facetime, allow family members to be

Today family members who are nations apart can readily phone or text each other, a development that allows them to

A migrating mother reverses traditional Filipino ________, because she becomes the family breadwinner, sending money back to her family.

couples who work to fashion their marriage according to an egalitarian ideal and continually monitored / negotiated family responsibilities, perhaps forgo

As gender norms move from traditional to egalitarian, all family members' interests and preferences

A second model that favors a traditional division of labor and male family leadership.

In their study of over 5000 couples drawn from the 1992-94 National Survey of Families and Households, Wilcox and Nock found support for the hypothesis that "The gendered character of marriage seems to remain

Even among native-born Americans, we must recognize the continuing salience of tradition and the assumption that to some degree it is legitimate for

One option for handing power change is to

When freely cooperatively relationships do not develop, one result can be

Using emotional or physical violence to manifest power in families has occurred throughout history, but only in the last fifty years has family violence been labeled

With the 1980s came concern about

More recently, researchers have begun to address

At the same time, some same-sex couples do experience _______ a situation that went ignored for many decades but has now begun to be researched and otherwise addressed.

Data on physical intimate partner violence come from four types of sources:

The work of Murray Straus, Richard Gelles, and their colleagues in their National Family Violence Surveys pioneered and shaped the scientific study of

The National Violence Against Women Survey, commissioned by the National Institute of Justice and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was conducted between 1995 and 1996 and employed a modified version of the

Despite some methodological limitations,

The National Crime Victimization Survey, conducted every two years by the Federal Bureau of Justice Statistics is a national survey that asks respondents about any physical violence they have experienced

The Bureau of Justice Statistics also reports on

The National Family Violence Surveys in the 1970s Women's Movement raised attention to

"An act carried out with the intention of causing physical pain or injury to another person."

Conflict Tactics Scale.

acts that have a relatively high probability of causing an injury: kicking, biting, punching, hitting with an object, choking, beating, threatening with a knife or gun, using a knife or gun-and, for violence by parents against children, burning or scalding the child.

To this day many family violence researchers use the Conflict Tactics Scale, later modified to add

Intimate partner violence has _________significantly over the past several decades.

Despite the fact that it has declined significantly, family violence makes up about ___percent of all violence and _____of all police recorded violence.

"Domestic violence is the willful intimidation, assault, battery, sexual assault, and/or other abusive behavior perpetrated by an intimate partner against another. .. Violence against women is often accompanied by

___ of women will experience domestic violence in their lifetime (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000)

An estimated ______women are victims of physical assault by an intimate partner each year (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003)

The majority (73%) of family violence victims are

Females were 84% of spousal abuse victims and 86% of abuse victims at the hands of a _______(U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2005)

1 / 3 of female murder victims are killed by _____________(Federal Bureau o Investigation, 2801)

The cost of intimate partner violence exceeds $5.8 billion each year, $4.1 billion of which is for

Only about 1/4 of all physical assaults, 1/5 of all rapes, and half of all stalkings perpetuated against females by intimate partners are

____________is one of the most chronically underreported crimes (U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2003)

The Statistics on Young Adults: A study of 8th and 9th graders found that 25% have been victims of____________, and 8% have been victims of _________(Foshee et al., 1996)

Women ages ______ experience the highest per capita rates of intimate violence - 20 per 1 ,000 women (U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2001)

21% of college students report they have experienced ________by a current partner; 32% by a previous partner (Sellers & Bromley, 1 996)

60% of __________on college campuses occur in casual or steady dating relationships (Johnson & Sigler, 1 996)

Over 5% of college women report they have been ____by a boyfriend or ex-boyfriend (Fisher & Cullen, 2000)

Warning signs that someone may become abusive:

Controlling behavior: Limits partner's ______ with friends, family

Humiliates, criticizes, yells at partner

Belittles Partner:Treats partner badly enough that they're

Belittles Partner:Ignores or put downs partner's

Belittles Partner:Blame partner for

Belittles Partner:Seems to treat partner

Violent behavior

Bad and unpredictable temper

Signs someone may become abusive:Unpredictable

Hyper-sensitive

Signs someone may become abusive:Does not take

Pushes, slaps or hits during an argument

Hurts partner, or threatens to hurt or kill partner

Signs someone may become abusive:Threatens to take

Signs someone may become abusive:Threatens to _______if partner leaves

Signs someone may become abusive:Forces partner to

Destroys partner's belongings

Signs someone may become abusive:Abuses, torments pets/other

Signs someone may become abusive:Abused

Warning signs that someone may be being abused by a partner :Seems ____of partner

Signs someone may be being abused: Avoids ________out of fear of angering partner

Signs someone may be being abused:Feels emotionally

Signs someone may be being abused: Frequent injuries, with

Signs someone may be being abused:Frequent and sudden

Signs someone may be being abused:Frequent__________ from the partner

Signs someone may be being abused:Fear of the partner, references to

Signs someone may be being abused:__________ changes

Signs someone may be being abused:Excessive fear of

Signs someone may be being abused:_________ behavior, lack of _________

Signs someone may be being abused:______ from friends and family

Signs someone may be being abused:Insufficient

Depression, crying, low self-esteem

Social scientists have applied _________ to an abused woman’s decision to stay or leave

Low self-esteem interacts with fear, depression, confusion, anxiety, feelings of self-blame, and loss of a sense of personal control (Umberson et al. 1998) to create the ¬¬¬¬¬¬______________, in which a one cannot see a way out of their situation.

Ability and willingness to punish the partner

Partner sulks, refuses to talk, and withholds sex; physical violence

Slapping a mate and spanking a child are examples of coercive power;

refusing to talk to the other person—the silent treatment

an individual’s ability to give material or nonmaterial gifts and favors, ranging from emotional support—for instance, eye contact, a smile, a gentle hand on a shoulder, listening—and and attention to financial support or recreational travel.

Although more couples today are moving toward equal, or ______________, research continues to support Gillespie’s insight that American marriages are not yet fully equal

The concept of ________________ stresses that society-wide gender structures (see Chapter 3) influence conjugal power, tempering the impact of relative individual resources.

Only in societies or situations where neither ____________________norms are firmly entrenched is power negotiated by couples according to their relative resources

when a wife has more egalitarian expectations than her spouse fulfills, _______________likely follows

an individual’s ability to give material or nonmaterial gifts and favors, ranging from emotional support

providing as a gift or favor: eye contact, a smile, a gentle hand on a shoulder, listening—and and attention to financial support or recreational travel.

Stems from the dominant person’s superior judgment, knowledge, or ability.

Our society traditionally attributed expertise in such important matters as finances to men, while women were attributed special knowledge of children and expertise in the domestic sphere is an example of

the persuasive content of what the dominant person tells another individual.

A partner may be persuaded to charge less on a credit card when the other shares information on the card’s high interest rate is an example of

_________ is based on a person’s emotional identification with the partner.

A partner who attends a social function when he or she would rather not “because my loved one wanted to go and so I wanted to go too” has been swayed by

In happy relationships, ____________ increases as partners grow older together

____________ stems from the dominant individual’s ability to claim authority, or the right to request compliance.

Although this is not the case for all families in the United States, the current ideal in mainstream culture is

Society and culture authorize the power of one or the other partner, or both

In traditional marriage, husband has final authority as “head” of household; current ideal is that of equal partners

Emotional identification with partner

Partner agrees to purchase of house or travel plans preferred by the other because she or he wants to make partner happy

Knows more about a consumer item, child rearing, travel destination, housing market, health issue

Persuades other parent about most effective mode of child discipline, citing experts’ books

Knowledge, ability, judgment

Savings and investment decisions shaped by partner with more education or experience in financial matters

Ability and willingness to give partner material or nonmaterial gifts and favors

Partner gives affection, attention, praise, and respect to partner, and assists him or her in realizing goals; takes over unpleasant tasks; gives material gifts

Ability and willingness to punish the partner

Partner sulks, refuses to talk, and withholds sex; physical violence

___________posits that the partner with more resources can exchange them for greater power in the relationship

Power-granting resources are socially structured by gender and hence

Although more couples today are moving toward equal, or ___________, research continues to support Gillespie’s insight that American marriages are not yet fully equal

Individual resources fully influence conjugal power only when there is no cultural

The concept of _____________________

traditional norms of male authority

if an egalitarian norm were to be thoroughly accepted society-wide, partners would

Current research measures couple power in the following four ways:

An intimate terrorist is not changing if he or she:

Tactics used by intimate terrorists include:

Making unilateral decisions for other family members, telling them what to do and expecting unquestioned obedience;

making remarks or gestures that are likely to encourage others to feel bad about themselves or defective in some way; includes insults, name-calling, shaming, and public put-downs;

cutting other family members off from the outside world, a situation that increases their dependence on the abuser; keeping family members from seeing relatives or friends

threatening to hurt other family members or pets; threatening to commit suicide if challenged;

making frightening looks or gestures, smashing things in front of other family members, destroying property, putting weapons on display with the message that disobedience could result in violent consequences

If you believe that someone you know is in an abusive relationship, a first step, experts advise, is to say something like this: _______________

______________ includes often making verbal threats or routinely making comments that damage a partner’s self esteem (Meyer 2013).

______________ includes verbal abuse, such as name-calling or demeaning verbal attacks; threats (to take away the victim’s children, for instance, or somehow to harm a victim’s family or friends); and attacks on pets or the victim’s property.

______________ includes name calling, constant criticism, isolating the victim, intimidation, causing a partner’s sleep deprivation, and withholding money or other basic necessities.

Often part of a pattern of control and domination, ______________ virtually always accompanies physical violence in intimate terrorism

Estimates are that between 10 and 14 percent of women experience ________(Ferro, Cermele, and Saltzman 2008, p. 765; Bergen 2006).

These sexual assaults often involve other violence as well. The feminist movement defined and publicized ________ in the 1970s.

Under traditional common law, a husband’s sexual assault or forceful coercion of his wife was not considered rape because

As a result of feminist political activity, all states have outlawed

Some researchers suggest that a principal reason for contradictory findings is that questions on the Conflict Tactics Scale include a broader range of actions that may be characterized by the survey respondent as violent, although

______________ refers to symmetrical (mutual, perpetrated by women as well as by men) violence between partners that occurs in conjunction with a specific argument, tends to be less severe in terms of injuries, and is not likely to escalate as the relationship progresses

Intimate Terrorism

Which form of IPV is this?:Explained by feminist theory (see Chapter 2); also called “patriarchal violence”

Intimate Terrorism

Less commonly found among couples

Which form of IPV is this?:More often (but not exclusively) found among marrieds

Which form of IPV is this?:Almost always perpetrated by men (asymmetrical violence)

Which form of IPV is this?:May occur frequently in the relationship and follows a pattern of occurring more and more often

Which form of IPV is this?:Motivated by the need to dominate or possess the partner. Aimed at controlling the partner through intimidation and physical, emotional, and/or sexual abuse

Which form of IPV is this?:Follows a “cycle of violence”

Which form of IPV is this?:Severe injuries probably, even homicide

Explained by family systems theory (see Chapter 2)

Which form of IPV is this?:More often (but not exclusively) found among cohabitors

Which form of IPV is this?:Perpetrated by both women and men fairly equally (symmetrical violence)

Which form of IPV is this?:Probably occurs less frequently in a relationship

Which form of IPV is this?:Sparked by frustration and anger and aimed at winning a particular fight through physical or emotional abuse

Which form of IPV is this?:Does not necessarily follow a predictable pattern or cycle

Which form of IPV is this?:Less severe injuries, on average

____________refers to abuse that is decisively oriented to controlling one’s partner through fear and intimidation.

Feminists have vehemently maintained—and research evidence consistently shows—that _________is almost entirely perpetrated by males.

Not focused on a particular matter of dispute between the partners, _____________is intended to establish an overall pattern of dominance and seems to occur more often in marriage than among cohabitors.

It is believed that ______________includes more incidents within couples than does situational couple violence.

Furthermore, ______________is likely to escalate and, especially in more advanced stages, is more likely than situational couple violence to produce serious injury.

Contrary to what many victims think, ______________is not about the perpetrator’s loss of control.

Nor is ______________necessarily precipitated by an outburst of anger.

Rather, ______________is a method of establishing and maintaining power.

cycle of violence, consisting of three consecutive phases

Phase of the cycle of violence: the violent episode itself, including, physical, emotional, and/or sexual abuse, and typically growing more violent over the course of the relationship;

Phase of the cycle of violence: a calm period, sometimes termed the “honeymoon” phase during which the abuser may ignore or deny the violence; blame the episode the victim; or act genuinely sorry, sending cards and flowers, for instance—hence the expression “honeymoon” phase;

Phase of the cycle of violence: tension buildup during which the victim feels increasingly disappointed and intimidated while the abuser’s behavior is unpredictable and threatening

the cycle of violence repeats itself, usually with stage __ shortening while stages _______lengthen

The butt of jokes, rather than social policy, male IPV victims are often considered unmanly. Some social scientists question the extent to which _______males would acknowledge to researchers that they had been battered by a female

female-perpetrated abuse is

contrasted to the presumably intentional, pervasive, and generally controlling behaviors exhibited by men.

If male victims do call police, they may

The police appear ill-equipped to deal with

The position that domestic violence is asymmetrical impacts

This helpline has faced roadblocks in search for funding.

_____ percent of the calls to the Domestic Abuse Helpline for Men and Women are from men or from people looking for help on behalf of a man.

Very few shelters provides a full range of

the Valley Oasis shelter in Antelope Valley, California, is

There is no doubt that domestic violence against men can be

The next step to reducing violence is to admit that domestic violence is not a male or female problem, but rather

Rates of same-sex intimate partner violence (SSIPV) are “comparable to rates of

upwards of half of all ___________people reporting intimate partner victimization

The 1996 Violence Against Women Act was expanded in 2010_________________, then expanded again in 2013 to

As with heterosexual IPV, batterers may

Also like heterosexuals involved in domestic violence, the gay or lesbian couple is likely to _________________the violence, along with

Although sexual minorities experience all of the same threats as do heterosexual victims, they have an additional concern—the abusive partner can threaten to

Hate crimes, discrimination, internalized homophobia, fear of being “outed,” are all stressors that can impact

According to a Mayo Clinic publication, if you’re lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender, you can experience domestic violence if you’re in a relationship with someone who:

LGBT individuals may be afraid to go to the police—or to use any domestic violence intervention services—for fear of having their gay identity revealed or receiving a hostile response

Domestic violence services oriented to LGBT individuals or couples are now somewhat available in large cities with

As with male victims of heterosexual IPV, few resources exist to serve

Generally, research shows a substantial overlap in households between IPV and

Two thing that are related to both IPV and to child abuse, discussed next.