particles released from tobacco that contain nicotine and other tobacco chemicals
cotinine
metabolite of nicotine
functional antagonism
an indirect or atypical means of inhibiting a receptor's activity, such as when the net effects of a receptor agonist consists of a longer inactivated receptor state and a shorter activated receptor state
upregulation
increased production of proteins
stroop test
standard attention test used for neuropsychological assessments that evaluates reaction times to mismatched stimulus presentations
conditioned taste aversion (garcia effect)
result of a pairing process between a noxious stimulus and a novel tasting substance
neophobic reaction
a rat's natural fear response to ingesting novel substances
pairing session
the timing of a drug injection is set to produce noxious effects after a session when subjects consume the novel substance
nitrosamines
chemicals shown to produce cancerous tumour growth
emphysema
type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder caused by irreversible lung damage
nicotine abstinence syndrome
nicotine withdrawal symptoms characterized by craving, irritability, anxiety, hostility, concentration difficulties, impatience, and insomnia
chippers
smokers who fail to develop an addiction to tobacco
nicotine-replacement therapy
therapy that consists of using a nontobacco nicotine product to minimize or prevent withdrawal symptoms
varenicline (chantix)
partial agonist for nicotinic receptors
caffeine
psychostimulant compound and a member of the xanthine chemical class
caffeinated alcoholic beverages
beverage made by mixing energy drinks with alcohol
caffeinism
condition characterized by agitation, anxiety, insomnia, and negative mood as well as rapid heart rate and high blood pressure