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Cells
Rely on the integration of structures and organelles in order to function
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Nucleus
Contains most of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell
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Nuclear Envelope
Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
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Double Membrane
Nuclear membrane that consists of a lipid bilayer
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Nuclear pore complexes
Regulates entry/exit of molecules from the nucleus
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Nuclear Lamina
Proteins that provide shape and structure to the lining of the nuclear enevelope
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Chromosome
Composed of one long double stranded DNA molecule
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Chromatin (2)
- DNA and proteins of chromosomes together
- Condenses to form discrete chromosomes as a cell prepares to divide
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Nucleolus (2)
- Located within the nucleus
- Site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
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Ribosomes (2)
- Complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein
- Carry out protein synthesis in two locations (cytosol & outside ER)
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Mitochondria (2)
- Sites of cellular respiration
- Have smooth outer membrane and inner membrane folded into cristae
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Cellular Respiration
Metabolic pathway that uses oxygen to generate ATP from acetyl-CoA
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Chloroplast (3)
- Found in plants and algae
- Sites of photosynthesis
- Capture light energy and convert it to a storable medium (glucose)
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Peroxisomes (3)
- Specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane
- Do not contain their own DNA or ribosomes
- Produce Hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water
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Organelles (3)
- Enveloped by a double membrane
- Contain free ribosomes and their own circular DNA
- Grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells
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Intermembrane Space
Space between the inner and outer membrane of a mitochondrian/chloroplast
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Matrix (2)
- Space enclosed by the inner membrane
- You'll find ribosomes, mitochondrial DNA, and soluble proteins
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Cristae (2)
- Folding of the inner membrane of the mitochondria
- Presents a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP
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Chlorophyll
Green pigment, enzymes, in the chloroplast
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Vacuoles (2)
- Large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi apparatus
- Perform a variety of functions in different kinds of cells
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Food Vacuoles
Formed by phagocytosis
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Contractile vacuoles (2)
- Found in freshwater protists
- Pump excess water out of cells
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Central vacuoles (2)
- Found in mature plant cells
- Hold organic compounds and water
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Lysosome (4)
- Membrane-bound organelle that contains hydrolases
- Acidic (pH 4.7)
- Mature from endosomes
- Use enzymes to recycle a cell's own organelles and macromolecules
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Hydrolases
Enzymes that digest macromolecules through hydrolysis reactions
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Endosomes
A form of vesicle in the cell, and gradually decrease in pH
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Phagocytosis
Process where one cell can engulf another cell to form a food vacuole
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Endomembrane System (6)
- Nuclear envelope
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Vacuoles
- Plasma membrane
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (3)
- Accounts for more than half of the total membrane in eukaryotic cells
- Continuous with the nuclear envelope
- Two types
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Smooth ER (2)
- Lacks ribosomes
- Synthesize lipids, metabolize carbohydrates, detoxify drugs/poisons
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Rough ER (3)
- Surface is studded with ribosomes
- Provides the rest of the organelles with membrane components, including phospholipids and proteins through vesicles
- Distribute transport vesicles
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Golgi Apparatus (5)
- Consists of flattened membranous sacs (cisternae)
- Directional flow of vesicles from cis face to trans face
- Modifies ER products
- Makes some macromolecules
- Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
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Cytoskeleton (2)
- Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
- Organizes cell structures, activities and organelle anchoring sites
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Microtubules (6)
- Thickest cytoskeleton molecular structure
- Built from tubulin proteins
- "Tracks" for movement of organelles
- Movement of flagella and cilia
- Seperates chromosomes during cell division
- Hep maintain cell shape
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Intermediate Filaments (6)
- Built from keratin proteins
- Provide tensile strength
- Less dynamic, but more stable than other two
- Support cell shape
- Fix organelles in place
- Involved in cell adhesion
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Microfilaments (4)
- Built from actin proteins
- Act as tracks for the movement of myosin molecules
- Bear tension by resisting pulling forces within the cell
- Form 3D network (cortex) inside plasma membrane
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Motor Proteins (4)
- Proteins that act like a locomotive to pull cargo down a track
- Interact with cytoskeleton structures to provide motility
- Use in the cell to carry vesicles along tracks
- Signal contraction by sliding two tracks next to each other
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Myosin
Allow cargo to be carried along microfilaments or in contractile movements
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Cell Wall (3)
- Extracellular structure found in plans, prokaryotes, and fungi
- Protects the plant and maintains shape
- Prevents excess uptake of water
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Extracellular Matrix (3)
- Made of glycoproteins
- Bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called integrins
- Cover the animal cell
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Plasmodesmata
Channels that perforate plant cell walls allowing water and small solutes to pass into the cell
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Tight Junctions
Membrane of neighboring cells press together to prevent leakage between the cells of extracellular fluid
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Desmosomes (2)
- Anchoring junctions
- Fasten cells together into strong sheets
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Gap Junctions (2)
- Communicating junctions
- Direct cell to cell transfer of cytoplasmic contents
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