Chapter 4 Key Terms

Rely on the integration of structures and organelles in order to function

Contains most of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell

Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

Nuclear membrane that consists of a lipid bilayer

Regulates entry/exit of molecules from the nucleus

Proteins that provide shape and structure to the lining of the nuclear enevelope

Composed of one long double stranded DNA molecule

• DNA and proteins of chromosomes together
• Condenses to form discrete chromosomes as a cell prepares to divide

• Located within the nucleus
• Site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis

• Complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein
• Carry out protein synthesis in two locations (cytosol & outside ER)

• Sites of cellular respiration
• Have smooth outer membrane and inner membrane folded into cristae

Metabolic pathway that uses oxygen to generate ATP from acetyl-CoA

• Found in plants and algae
• Sites of photosynthesis
• Capture light energy and convert it to a storable medium (glucose)

• Specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane 
• Do not contain their own DNA or ribosomes
• Produce Hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water

• Enveloped by a double membrane
• Contain free ribosomes and their own circular DNA
• Grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells

Space between the inner and outer membrane of a mitochondrian/chloroplast

• Space enclosed by the inner membrane
• You'll find ribosomes, mitochondrial DNA, and soluble proteins

• Folding of the inner membrane of the mitochondria
• Presents a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP

Green pigment, enzymes, in the chloroplast

• Large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi apparatus
• Perform a variety of functions in different kinds of cells

Formed by phagocytosis

• Found in freshwater protists
• Pump excess water out of cells

• Found in mature plant cells
• Hold organic compounds and water

• Membrane-bound organelle that contains hydrolases
• Acidic (pH 4.7)
• Mature from endosomes
• Use enzymes to recycle a cell's own organelles and macromolecules

Enzymes that digest macromolecules through hydrolysis reactions

A form of vesicle in the cell, and gradually decrease in pH

Process where one cell can engulf another cell to form a food vacuole

• Nuclear envelope
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi apparatus
• Lysosomes
• Vacuoles
• Plasma membrane

• Accounts for more than half of the total membrane in eukaryotic cells
• Continuous with the nuclear envelope
• Two types

• Lacks ribosomes
• Synthesize lipids, metabolize carbohydrates, detoxify drugs/poisons

• Surface is studded with ribosomes
• Provides the rest of the organelles with membrane components, including phospholipids and proteins through vesicles
• Distribute transport vesicles

• Consists of flattened membranous sacs (cisternae)
• Directional flow of vesicles from cis face to trans face
• Modifies ER products
• Makes some macromolecules
• Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

• Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
• Organizes cell structures, activities and organelle anchoring sites

• Thickest cytoskeleton molecular structure
• Built from tubulin proteins
• "Tracks" for movement of organelles
• Movement of flagella and cilia
• Seperates chromosomes during cell division
• Hep maintain cell shape

• Built from keratin proteins
• Provide tensile strength
• Less dynamic, but more stable than other two 
• Support cell shape
• Fix organelles in place
• Involved in cell adhesion

• Built from actin proteins
• Act as tracks for the movement of myosin molecules
• Bear tension by resisting pulling forces within the cell
• Form 3D network (cortex) inside plasma membrane

• Proteins that act like a locomotive to pull cargo down a track
• Interact with cytoskeleton structures to provide motility
• Use in the cell to carry vesicles along tracks 
• Signal contraction by sliding two tracks next to each other

Allow cargo to be carried along microfilaments or in contractile movements

• Extracellular structure found in plans, prokaryotes, and fungi
• Protects the plant and maintains shape
• Prevents excess uptake of water

• Made of glycoproteins
• Bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called integrins
• Cover the animal cell

Channels that perforate plant cell walls allowing water and small solutes to pass into the cell

Membrane of neighboring cells press together to prevent leakage between the cells of extracellular fluid

• Anchoring junctions
• Fasten cells together into strong sheets

• Communicating junctions
• Direct cell to cell transfer of cytoplasmic contents