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The Energy Cycle
Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat
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Catabolic pathways
Release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules
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Fermentation
Partial catabolism of sugar molecules in the absence of O2
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Aerobic Respiration (2)
- Consumes organic molecules and O2
- Yields ATP through a multistep process that involves electron transfer
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Anaerobic Respiration
Similar to aerobic respiration, but consumes compounds other than O2
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Cellular Respiration
Includes aerobic and anaerobic respiration
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Redox Reaction
Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants
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Oxidation (2)
- A substance loses electrons
- Becomes more positively charges
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Reduction (2)
- A substance gains electrons
- Becomes more negative
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Reducing Agent
Donates electrons to a reactant through a redox reaction
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Oxidizing Agent (2)
- Receives electrons in a redox reaction
- Ex: OXYGEN
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NAD+ (3)
- Coenzyme and electron acceptor
- Oxidizing agent
- Receives electrons
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NADH (2)
- Reduced form of NAD+
- Represents stored energy in the form of an electron that is used to synthesize ATP
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Glycolysis
- Breaks one molecule of glucose down into two molecules of pyruvate
- Not O2 dependent
- Occurs in the cytoplasm
- Two stages
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The Citric Acid Cycle
- Breaks 1 molecule of pyruvate down into CO2 and H2O
- Generates 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2
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Oxidative Phosphorylation (2)
- Transfers electrons from NADH or FADH2, to complexes that pump H+ into the intermembrane space
- Use H+ gradient to drive regeneration of ATP
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"Sugar Splitting"
Breakdown of a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
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Two stages of glycolysis
- 1. Energy investment (ATP spent)
- 2. Energy payoff phase (ATP generated)
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Fatty Acids (2)
- Broken down into 2-carbon units and transferred into the mitochondrion
- Hydrocarbons
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Electron Transport Chain (4)
- Powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation
- Transmembrane protein complexes
- Found on the mitochondrial inner membrane
- Establishes an H+ gradient across the inner membrane
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ATP Synthase (2)
- Allows H+ ions to pass back into the mitochondrial matrix
- Uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP
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Chemiosmosis
The use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work
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