-
role of a sonographer
a specific behavior that an individual demonstrates to others
-
Anechoic
without echoes, sonolucent
-
Hyperechoic
more echogenic than the surrounding tissue
-
Gallstones
- cholelithiasis
- single large or hundreds of tiny ones
- internal reflections without the lumen, and posterior acoustic shadowing
-
Homogenous structures
liver, thyroid, testes, spleen
-
Solid mass
irregular borders, internal echoes, decreased through-transmission
-
Cystic mass
smooth, well defined borders, anechoic, increased through-transmission
-
echogenic / hyperechoic
echo producing structure, reflects brighter intensity
-
Heterogeneous
not uniform texture or composition
-
Homogeneous
completely uniform in texture
-
Hypoechoic
low level echoes within a structure
-
Isoechoic
very close to the normal paenchyma echogenisity pattern
-
Imaging Planes
sagital, coronal, transverse, median
-
Location of liver
right hypochondrium. inferior to the diaphragm. extends several centimeters below the qiphoid process. left lobe is anterior and medial to the fundus of the stomach
-
Location of hepatic artery
arises from the celiac trunk and courses to the right of the abdomen and branches into the gastroduodenal artery and proper hepatic artery
-
SMA
arises from the anterior abdominal aortic wall approx 1 cm inferior to the celiac trunk. runs posterior to the neck of the pancreas and anterior to the uncinate process, then branches into the mesentary and colon
-
hepatic duct
emerges from the right lobe of the liver in the porta hepatis and uunites to form the common hepatic duct. which then passes caudaly and medialy. runs paralles with the portal vein
-
Muscles of the anterior abdominal wall
rectus abdominus
-
porta hepatus
central area of the liver where the portal vein, common duct and hepatic artery enter
-
caudate lobe
most superior aspect of the liver
-
falciform ligament
extends into the diaphragm, from the umbilicus to the diaphragm
-
ligamentum teres
the rounded termination of the falciform, divides the medial and lateral segments of the left lobe
-
ligamentum venosum
separates the left lobe from the caudate lobe, linear horizontal line just anterior to the caudate lobe
-
portal venous system
main portal aproaches the porta hepatis in a rightward, cephalic, and slightly posterior direction
-
clinical significance of peritoneal recess
fluid and infection may accumulate in the recess
-
portal triad
porta hepatis, central area of the liver where the portal vein, common duct, and hepatic artery enter
-
cruz of the diaphragm
muscular structure in the upper abdomen at the level of the celiac axis
-
falciform ligament
attaches the liver to the diaphragm
-
Morrison's pouch
space between right lobe of the liver and anterior righ kidney
-
renal cell carcinoma
most common tumor to fill the IVC
-
portal vein
carries blood from the intestine to the liver
vein formed by the union of the superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein near the porta hepatis of the liver
-
gall bladder arterial supply
via the cystic artery
-
Superior mesenteric vein
passes anterior to the uncinate process of the pancrease
-
-
Budd Chiari syndrome
demostrates thrombosis of the hepatic veins
-
left renal vein
courses between the aorta and SMA
-
mosty common cause of abdominal aneurysms
arterio sclorosis
-
echogenic linear structure fund anterior to the caudate lobe and posterior to the left lobe of the liver
ligamentum venosum
-
group of muscles that orginate at the hilum of the kidney and lie lateral to the spine
psoas muscles
-
triangular shaped echogenic structure seen within the left lobe of the liver
ligamentum teres
-
portal confluence is formed by
splenic vein and SMV
-
gastroduodenal artery courses along the anterolateral border of the
head of the pancreas
-
main lobar fissure projects from the right poral vein to the
neck of the gallbladder
-
aneurysms greater than _____ have an increased risk of catastrophic rupture
5 cm
-
any plane paralles to the median plane
sagital
-
vertical plane that bisects the body into right and left halves
median
-
any plane at right angles to both the median and coronal planes
transverse
-
any vertical plane at right angles to the median plane
coronal
-
arises from the anterior abdominal aorta approximately at the level of the third or fourth lumbar vertebra. proceeds to the left to distribute arterial blood to the descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum. branches into the left colic, sigmoid and superior rectal arteries.
inferior mesenteric artery
-
arteries that for the anterior, posterior, medial and inferior borders of the pancreas
- celiac axis and branches - for superior border , includes left gastric, common hepatic, splenic
- splenic - superior border
- common hepatic - superior border of the body and head
- gastroduodenal - anterolateral
- sma - posterior
-
obstruction of the renal vein resulting in the kidney becoming enlarged and edematoas
renal vein thrombosis
-
increased lipid accumulation. seen in alcoholic liver disease, diabetes, obesity, pregnancy, severe hepatitis, chronic illness, and steroids
fatty liver
-
sonographic findings of acute hepatitis
liver texture may appear normal or portal vein borders are more prominent than usual. the liver parenchyma is slightly more echogenic than normal or attenuation may be present l. hepatosplenomegaly is present and the gallbladder wall is thickened
-
most common type of benign tumor of the liver
cavernous hemangioma
-
benign tumors of the liver
- cavernous hemangioma
- liver cell adenoma
- hepatic cystadenoma
- focal nodular hyperplasia
-
symptoms of abscess
- fever of unknown origin
- tenderness
- swelling
- chills
- weakness
- malaise
- localized pain
-
liver cells or hepatocytes as primary problem
hepatocellular disease
-
most common presentation of an athersclerotic aneurysm, usually occurs at the bifurcation
fusiform
-
spherical and large, connected to a vascular lumen by a mouth that may be as large as the aneurysm, may be partially or completely filled with thrombus
saccular
-
Portal triad
common bile duct, hepatic artery, main portal vein
-
ligament that is the remnant of the fetal umbilical vein
ligamentum teres
-
the true anatomic boundary between the right and left lobes of the liver (segmental)
falciform ligament
-
normal size of the liver's anterior-posterior length
12 cm
-
the echogenicity of the liver is _____
hyperechoic
-
liver is enclosed by a fibrous capsule called _____
glissom capsule
-
the functioning part of the liver is ____
parenchyma or lobule
-
a pulsatile hematoma wich results from the leakage of blood into soft tissuewith subsequent fibrous encapsulation
pseudoaneurysm
|
|
