A&P II: Chapter 21

What are the two systems that work cooperatively to provide defense against disease?

Innate immunity system: First lines of defense are . . . 
Second:

Adaptive immune response is ____ to antigen.

Which immune system are you born with?

What are pathogens?

Surface barriers and mucosa: 

Name 4

What can be found in saliva that helps destroy bacteria?

Mucose covers that pathways that . . .

What are cells in the blood and lymph that lyse and kill cancer cells and virus infected cells?

What do natural killer cells release that attacks membranes of enemy cells?

What non-specific defense (cell) kills your own cells tat turn bad?

Wander macrophages are free and fixed are attached to . . .

Describe Natural killer cells

Phagocytes derive from what type of white blood cell?

Inflammation prevents the spread of . . . 
Disposes of cell debris and pathogens, and set the stage for repair.

What response to tissue injury disposes of cell debris and pathogens and sets the stage for repair?

During vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, a flood of inflammatory chemicals are released into intercellular fluids.

Name them

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability cause _____, the redness and heat of blood congesting in an area.

What is the term used to describe redness and heat of blood congestion in an area?

Chemicals that increase capillary permeability: _____

Exudate released to increase capillary permeability is an example of what type of immune system?

Exudate released to increase capillary permeability causes _____

Edema dilutes _______, brings in ___ and nutrients for repair, ___ proteins enter, and B-defensins enter, with ______ antibiotic properites.

_____- prmotes release of neutrophils from red-marrow.

_____-Inflammed areas sprout cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) providing foothold for neutrophils to cling to damaged area

____-Neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls.

____-Neutrophils follow chemical gradients to site of the injury.

What white blood cells are the first responders and get access through diapedesis?

_____ are like flare markers for the helo to get to the help site.

What are interferons?

What acts against malignant cells, reduce inflammation in injured areas, activate macrophages and mobilize natural killer cells, have antiviral agent?

Interferons:
1)Virus enters cell
2)Interferon . . .
3)Cell produces interferon molecules
4)Interferon binding stimulates cells to . . .
5)Antiviral proteins block viral production

Complement kills bacteria by ____.

Complement destroys foreign substances in the body by . . .

What antimicrobial protein interfere with microorganisms ability to reproduce?

Interferons are not virus specific 

T or F
True False

3 types of interferons:

Gamma(immune) found in ____.
Alpha interferon found in _____.
Beta interferon found in _____.

Complement is specific or non-spefific?

Fever is a ___ defense.

What chemicals are used in fever that rise temp.?

Pyrogens that cause incease temp. are secreted by ____ and ____ upon exposure to bacteria

Bacteria require ____ and ___ to multiply, which are sequestered by the liver and spleen during fevers

Fever also speeds repair (by lowering the EA of ___)

Bacteria is able to thermoregulate 

T or F
True False

Antibodies in the body fluids, produced by lymphocytes, bind to antigens and mark them for destruction by phagocytes

Are humoral or cell mediated?

Humoral is ____ mediated immunity.

Complete Antigen:

_____- stimulates proliferation of specific lymphocytes and antibodies.
_____- Have the ability to react to the activated lymphocytes and antibodies.

What are small molecules causing an allergic reaction and mount an attack once linked to bodies defenses?

Antigen's _____ attach to antibodies.

____ mark cells as self.

Cell external surfaces have protein molecules, termed self antigens

MHC:  major histocompatability complex

What are the 2 types and where are they found?

What causes transplants to be accepted or rejected?

Lymphocytes:

T: ___-mediated immunity
B: ___- mediated immunity

Remember B-cells or any antigens only target not kill.(Humoral)

T-cells: 2-3 day process to mature (under thymus hormones) to identify foreign antigens

_____ selection: recognize own tissues when bound to an antigen

____ selection: bind to self-proteins

Must become self-tolerant, unresponsive to ____

Strongly anti-self is dangerous to you. Kill all.Failure to recognize self result in _____ (cell suicide)

B-cells: Primary where they get trained, then secondary they are specified. Immunocompetent until they are ____, then they are good.

B-cells: in _____ but little is known about the factors controlling maturation

B-cells: Immunocompetence in organs that activate lymphocytes termed _____.

What do antigen-presenting cells do?

What are the types of antigen-presenting cells?

If a B-cell, provokes a humoral immune response, . . .

Clonal selection: 

Antigens bind to receptors, causing receptor-mediated ____
Triggers clonal selection: stimulate B-cells to grow and multiply with identical antigen-specific receptors
Each cell identical: clone
Most cells become plasma cells
Plasma cells secrete _____ (up to 2000 molecules/sec!)
Plasma cells last 4-5 days
Clone cells not becoming plasma cells turn into ____ cells (long-lived) that can mount a near immediate response if encountered a second time

___ level is concentration level of antibodies. Once you immunized, your titer level is ___ than those not immunized. The first encounter has that lag time of 3-6 days, but the second immune response has the memory and is faster, longer, and more effective.

_____ humoral immunity: Encounter antigen and produce antibody

___ humoral immunity:  Antibodies from external source (serum) donor.  Immune system not challenged, no memory, protection ends when antibodies naturally degrade

Vaccine are what type of immunity?

Infection; contact with a pathogen is what type of immunity?

Antibodies passed from mother to fetus via placenta; or to infant in her milk are examples of what type of immunity?

Injection of immune serum (gamma globulin)

Type of immunity.

Antibodies: _____ constitute the gamma globulins of blood proteins

Antibodies classified by the structure: 


All have in common: ___ polypeptide chains connected by disulfide bonds

(Hey, wait a minute, what kind of bond?)

Two ___ chains, two ___ chains composing an antibody monomer
Each of the four chains has a ____  region at one end and a larger ____ region at the other end

Antibodies structure:

__ region: antigen-binding site shaped to fit a specific antigenic determinant
Each monomer has ___ binding sites

Antibodies Structure:


__ region: form stem, the effector region

Dictates cells and chemicals the antibody can bind to
How the antibody class will function in antigen elimination

Classes of Antibodies: 
IgM: __-tamer
IgA: __-mer
IgD:___-mer
IgG: monomer
IgE: monomer

____ is virtually always attached o the external surface of a B cell, where it functions as the antigen receptor of the B cell, important in B cell activation.

___ exist in monomer and pentamer forms. The monomer, attached to B-cell surface, serves as an antigen receptor. Pentamer circulates in blood plasma and is the first Ig class released in primary response,

___ is the most abundant and diverse antibody in the plasma. Passive immunity for mother to fetus.

____ monomer exists in limited amounts in plasma. The dimer referred to as secretory ___, is found in body secretions (milk, saliva, sweat) and helps prevent attachment of pathogens to epothelial cell surfaces.

___ is found in GI tract and mucus membranes.

___ antibody levels increase during severe allergic attacks or chronic parasitic infections.

___-Against cells (bacteria, etc), binding causes a 3D change and exposed complement binding sites, leading to cell lysis

____-Block specific sites on the antigen (i.e. exotoxins), minimizing the toxic effect of the antibody. Toxins are unable to be released. Eventually, antibody is phagocytized

____-Cross-linking of antigen-antibody complexes, causing clumping. IgM especially effective

____-Soluble molecules (not cells) are cross-linked into complexes and settle out of solution.

During agglutination or precipitation, both eventually ____.

Antibodies have a PLAN

Describe

____ : Also called T4 cells
Helper T cells (TH)

CD8: T8 cells, _____ cells that destroy cells harboring foreign material

__-cells: Cannot detect antigen, but only those cells that have processed cell fragments (protein antigens) on plasma membrane


Good for: cell-cell interactions, intercellular parasites, abnormal/cancerous cells, transplanted foreign tissues

T cell response:
Class I: Recognized by ___, displayed by most cells. Synthesized in the ER and passed to Plasma membrane for implantationEndogenous antigen: foreign proteins synthesized and displayed

T cell response:
Class II: On B, T, and antigen presenting cells. From catabolized proteins (exogenous proteins) that are repackaged (Golgi) and displayed

T cell activation: 

____-binding
T-cell antigen receptors bind to an antigen-MHC complex
Termed naïve T-cells at this stage (activated)


_________
Must recognize costimulatory signals (safeguard)
Activated T-cell enlarges and proliferates forming a clone
Perform functions according to the T-cell class

Helper T cells stimulate only (direct) . . .

Killer T-cell term

Cytotoxic T-cell activates _____ to lysis.

Other ways Cytotoxic T-cells work:
___-fragments target cell DNA
___-triggers apoptosis (programmed cell death) in 48-72 hours
___-Stimulates macrophages to killer status, enhancing phagocytosis

____-: Transplant within the same person (artery transplants)
___: Grafts between genetically identical twins
____: Grafts between individuals that are not genetically identical, but of the same species (most transplants)
____: Grafts taken from another animal (pig kidney transplants, etc)

Hodgkin’s disease explain

Explain AIDS

____-Immune system loses the ability to distinguish self from non-self, producing autoanitbodies

Hypersensitivity:


Immediate: Begin in seconds, lasts for about ½ an hour

Subacute: Begin in 1 - 3 ___, lasts for 10 - 15 hours

Delayed: Begin in 1 - 3 ___

___-Produce huge amounts of antibody (IgE), and attach to mast cells and basophils

____-Spontaneous allergy without previous exposure (10%)

Subacute allergy: caused by ___, ___, not IgE.

Basically, a cell-mediated hypersensitivity including both cytotoxic and hypersensitive T-cells

Define