-
The study of the structure and composition of the skin tissue
Skin histology
-
the study of the functions of living organisms
Physiology
-
What is an estheticians primary focus on?
preserving, protecting, and nourishing the skin
-
What affects the skin's health and appearance?
The aging process, sun exposure, hormones, and nutrition
-
Why is it important to understand how the skin cell layers function?
Helps you choose ingredients and treatments for clients
-
What system is the skin part of?
integumentary
-
What is the largest organ in the body?
skin
-
What are proteins made of?
amino acids
-
What holds amino acids together?
peptide bonds
-
Chains of amino acids
polypeptides
-
Describe healthy skin
slightly moist, soft, smooth, and somewhat acidic
-
Skin contains how much blood and how much of the primary immune cells?
1/2 to 2/3 of blood and one-half of the primary immune cells
-
What are the 6 primary functions of the skin?
- Protection
- Absorption
- Sensation
- Secretion
- Exretion
- Regulation
-
What is sebum and it's purpose?
oil; gives protection from external factors such as invasion by certain bacteria by lubricating both the skin and hair
-
What is the acid mantle?
The skin's natural protective barrier made up of sebum, lipids, sweat and water
-
What is the pH of balanced skin?
4.5-5.5
-
Why is it important for the skin to maintain proper acidic level of 5.5?
to protect from pathogens and for regulating enzymatic functions
-
What is the purpose of the acid mantle?
keep the skin from drying out from exposure/external factors, irritation, and TEWL
-
What is TEWL?
Transepidermal Water Loss; water loss caused by evaporation on the skin's surface
-
What is melanin?
pigment that protects us from the sun's UV rays
-
What is the body's average internal thermostat?
98.6
-
How does the body maintain thermoregulation?
evaportation, persperation, insultaion, radiation
-
Millions of sweat glands keep us from overheating by releasing what?
heat from the body through perspiration
-
What are pores?
sweat gland openings
-
What are follicles?
tube-like depressions with oil glands attatched
-
What are arrector pili muscles?
muscles that cause goosebumps
-
What are sudoriferous glands?
sweat glands; excrete perspiration and detoxify the body by excreting excess water, salt, and unwanted chemicals through the pores
-
Sebaceous Glands
oil glands; appendages attatched to follicles that produce sebum
-
What percentage of water does the skin approximately have?
50-70%
-
What does the skin absorb in order to maintain its health?
ingredients, water, and oxygen
-
Epidermis
outermost layer of the skin; epithelial tissue that covers our body
-
What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?
- Stratum Corneum
- Stratum Lucidum
- Stratum Granulosm
- Stratum Spinosum
- Stratum Germitivum(Basal Layer)
-
Which part of the skin are licensed to work on and which layer are they primarily concerned with?
Epidermis; Stratum Corneum
-
The epidermis and dermis combined is how thick? Epidermis?
1.5 to 4mm. .04-1.5mm
-
Keratinocytes
composed of keratin, comprise 95% of the epidermis
-
Stratum Corneum
horny layer; top, outermost layer of the epidermis
-
Desquamation
process in which karatinocytes are continually shed from the skin
-
What is the average adult cell turnover rate?
ever 28 days depending on a person's age, lifestyle, and health
-
Stratum Corneum has about how many layers of cells?
15-20
-
Squamous
another name for keratinocytes; flat, scaly
-
Stratum Lucidum
thin, clear layer of dead skin cells; translucent layer made of small cels that let light pass through
-
Where is the stratum lucidum thickest on?
palms of the hands and soles of the feet
-
Stratum Granulosum
Granular Layer; composed of cells that resemble granules and are filled with keratin
-
In which layer do enzymes dissolve the structures(desmosomes) that hold cells together
-
Stratum Spinosum
Spiny Layer; Cells continue to divide and change shape here, and enzymes are creating lipids and proteins. Cell Appendages(resemble prickly spines) become desmosomes, Langerhans, and Melansome pigment distrubution
-
What is the largest layer in the epidermis?
Stratum Spinosum
-
Langerhans
Guard Cells/Immune Cells; protect the body from infections by indentifying foreign material(antigens)
-
Stratum Germinativum
Basal Cell Layer; composed of a single layer of basal cells laying on a "basement membrane"
-
What process do cells go under to replenish the regular loss of skin cells shed from the surface?
Mitosis
-
Which layer of the epidermis does mitosis take place?
Stratum Germinativum
-
What are stem cells?
mother cells that divide to produce daughter cells
-
Merkel Cells
Sensory cells; touch receptors located in the Basal Layer
-
Melanocytes
cells that produce pigment granules in basal layer
-
What percent of basal cells are melanocytes?
5-10%
-
Melanosomes
Pigment carrying granules that produce melanin
-
What determines the differences in genetic skin color?
The amount of melanin activated in the skin and the way it is distributed
-
Every person has approximately the same number of ______.
melanocytes
-
Pheomelanin
red to yellow
-
Eumelanin
Dark brown-Black
-
Products that suppress melanin production by interrupting biochemical processes are...
Tyrosinase inhibitors; brightening agents
-
Other names for dermis
derma, corium cutis, true skin
-
What is the dermis?
support layer of connective tissues below the epidermis
-
What connects the dermis to the epidermis
dermal/epidermal junction
-
How much thicker is the dermis compared to the epidermis?
25 times
-
What are the 2 layers of the dermis
papillary and reticular
-
Collagen
protein substance of complex fibers that gives skin its STRENGTH and is necessary for wound healing; makes up 70% of the dermis
-
Fibroblast cells
(cell stimulators) produce proteins and aid in the production of collagen and elastin
-
Elastin
fibrous protein that forms elastic tissue and gives skin its elasticity
-
Lymph vessels
remove waste products, bacteria, and excess water
-
Lymphocytes
fight infections
-
Mast Cells
involved in allergic reactions
-
Leukocytes
white blood cells to fight infections; destroys foreign matter
-
Hyaluronic acid
beneficial hydrating fluids; GAG-Glycosaminoglycans
-
papillary layer
connects the dermis to the epidermis; forming the epidermal/dermal junction
-
dermal papillae
membranes of ridges and grooves that attatch to the epidermis
-
reticular layer
denser and deeper layer of the dermis; comprised mainly of collagen and elastin
-
What breaks down collagen and elastin?
UV damage and other factors
-
Subcutaneous layer
hypodermis; composed of loose connective tissue
-
Subcutis Tissue
Loose connective tissue also known as adipose tissue
-
Motor nerves
efferent nerves; nerve fibers convey impulses from the brain or spinal cord to the muscles or glands
-
Secretory nerves
motor nerves attached to sweat and oil glands. They regulate excretion from the sweat glands and control sebum output to the surface of the skin
-
Sebaceous Glands
secrete oil
-
sudoriferous glands
excrete sweat
-
Approcrine glands
coiled structures attached to the ahir follices found under the arms and in the genital area; more active during emotional changes
-
Eccrine glands
found all over the body; primarily on the forehead, palms and soles. More active when the body is subjected to physical activity and high temperatures
-
In order to survive, cells need what important elements?
Nourishment, Protection, The ability to function properly, and Continual Replacement/Proliferation
-
T-cells
communicate with other cells after indentifying foeign peptides
-
-
What is the effect of AHAs and vitamin A?
stimulates skin cell turnover and reduce visible signs of aging
-
What percentage of our aging is caused by sun exposure?
80-85%
-
UVA
aging rays, contributes up to 95% of the sun's ultraviolet ration reaching the Earth's surface
-
UVB
burning Rays, causing burning, aging, and cancer. shorter, stronger and more damgaging
-
free radicals
chemicaly active atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons. They attack the cell membrane and are super-oxidizers
-
Name and indication of free radical damage
red and inflamed skin
-
binding of a protein molecule to a glucose molecule resulting in the formation of damaged nonfunctioning structures
glycation
-
What happens to the skin as estrogen is depleted?
It loses its tone
-
What happens when estrogen decreases?
Testosterone becomes dominant which increases sebum production, pore size, and hair growth on the face
-
couperose skin
telangiectasia; dilation of capillary walls
-
What different types of Hormone Replacement Therapy(HRT)?
animal source or plant-source estrogens
|
|
