Chapter 3/4 Test Review

up to 2 meters long

10-15 mincrometers in diameter

100 micrometers

1 meter long

cell growth increases volume more than surface area

made of proteins and lipids, surrounds cell

organelles, cytoskeleton, cytosol ICF, ECF

98% of molecules in plama membrane are lipids

75% of membrane lipids are phospholipids

20% of the membrane lipids, stiffen membrane

5% of the membrane lipids, contributes to glycocalyx

2% of the molecules in plasma membrane, 50% of its weight

adhere to on face of the membrane, help anchor the membrane

receptors, second messenger systes, enzymes, ion channels, carriers, cell identity markers, cell adhesion molecules

surface proteins on plasma membrane of target cell

family of diseases that result from defects in channel proteins

glucose, electrolytes, and other solutes

it is carrier, no ATP required

is called a pump, ATP is consumed

are the identity markers for our immune system

the chemical that binds to a receptor is the first messenger, 1st messenger activates G-protein which relays signal to surface enzyme Adenylate Cyclase which converts ATP to cAMP

cAMP activates kinase in the cytosol, kinases add phosphate group to other cellular enzymes and turns on internal cell (activates/deactivates)

up to 60% of modern drugs work by altering activity of G protein

unique fuzzy coat external to the plasma membrane

brush border, actin protein

7-10 micrometers long

core of cilia that is the structural basis for ciliary movement

nine triplets of microtubules form basal body inside the cell membrane, dynein arms crawl up adjacent microtubules bending the cilia

filtration, diffusion, osmosis

active, vesicular, carrier mediated

process in which particles are driven through a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure, from high to low pressure

the net movement of particles from high to low concentration

increase- temp, concentration, membrane surface area, membrane permeability...decrease-molecular weight

flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other

channel proteins in plasma membrane specialized for passage of water

number of osmoles of solute per kilogram of water

number of osmoles of solutes per liter of solutions

1 mole of dissolved particles

ability of a solution to affect fluid volume and pressure in a cell

300 mOsm/L

cell bursts

cell shrivels

transport maximum

facilitated diffusion and active transport

carries only one solute at a time

carries two or more solutes simultaneously in same direction (cotransport)

carries two or more solutes in opposite directions (countertransport)

carrier mediated transport of solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient (does not consume ATP)

carrier mediated transport of solute through a membrane up (against) its concentration gradient, ATP is consumed

steep concentration gradient maintained between one side of the membrane and the other (like water behind a dam) does not directly consume ATP

processes that move large particles, fluid droplets, or numerous molecules at once through the membrane in vesicles

vesicular processes that bring material into the cell

"cell eating" engulfing large particles (pseudopods, phagosomes, macrophages)

"cell drinking" taking in droplets of ECF containing molecules useful in the cell

discharging material from the cell

uptake of LDL from bloodstream

collection of filaments and cylinders, composed of- microfilaments 6nm forms terminal web, intermediate fibers 8-10 nm support, microtubules 25nm tubulin

a microtubules is a cylinder of 13 parallel strands called protofilaments

nucleus, mitochondria, lysosome, peroxisomes, ER, and golgi

ribosomes, centrosomes, centrioles, basal bodies

detoxify alcohol and other drugs, synthesizes steroids and other lipids

package of enzymes bound by a single unit membrane

digest and dispose of worn out mitochondria and other organelles

"cell suicide" some cells are destroyed after completing their jobs

produced by smooth ER

a short cylindrical assembly of microtubules arranged in nine groups of three microtubules each

stored cellular products, foreign bodies, not essential for cell survival

glycogen, pigments, and fat droplets

viruses, intracellular bacteria, dust particles

no nucleus (mature RBC)

2-50 nuclei (skeletal muscle)

surrounds nucleus, has two unit membrane

perforate nuclear envelope

material within nucleus

DNA and associated proteins, looks like granular thread

Dark staining, produce ribosome subunits

formed ring shaped complex of proteins, regulates traffics through envelope, holds envelope together

cluster of eight proteins histones, serve a spools to protect and organize DNA

preparation for cell division

sugar- ribose or deoxyribose, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

doubles carbon nitrogen ring, Adenine, Guanine

single carbon nitrogen ring, Thymine, Uracil, and Cytosine

serves as code for protein synthesis, cell replication, and reproduction

sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for one polypeptide

all the genes of one person

70-90 bases

10,000 bases

a billion bases

cell replication

cell reproduction

4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids

sequence of 3 DNA nucleotides that codes for one amino acid

AUG, Methionine

64

enzymes remove introns and splice exons together

cluster of 10-20 ribosomes reading mRNA at once

1.DNA Double Helix, 2.DNA Coding Strand, 3.Codons of mRNA, 4.Anticodons of tRNA, 5.Amino Acids, 6.Peptide

assist in proper folding of new proteins, may escort protein to destination in cell, are also stress and heat shock proteins

amino acid sequence that causes polyribosome to migrate to RER and enters cisterna

signal peptide removed, may remove amino acids, fold protein, form disulfide bridges or add CHO gorups

some golgi vesicles become lysosomes and stay in cell or some become secretory vesicles

DNA unwinds from histones, DNA helicase opens short segments, replication by DNA polymerase

each new DNA has one new Helix and the other Helix conserved form the parent DNA

3 errors per 100,000 bases copied

1 error per 1 billion basses copied

changes in DNA structure due to replication errors or environmental factors

nothing, kill cell, turn cell cancerous, cause genetic defects

G1, S, G2

normal cellular function

synthesis phase, DNA replication

second gap phase, preparation for mitosis, replicates centrioles,

mitotic phase, nuclear and cytoplasmic division

cells that have left the cycle

embryonic development, tissue growth replacement of old and dead cells

chromatin supercoils into chromosomes, nuclear envelope disintegrates, centrioles sprout microtubules into mitotic spindle move to poles, nucleoli disintegrates, spindle apparatus is completed

chromosomes line up on equator, spindle fibers attach to centromere, asters anchor centrioles to plasma membrane

centromeres divide, spindle fibers pull sister chromatids to opposite poles

chromatin uncoils, nuclear envelope and nucleoli forms, mitotic spindle breaks down

division of cytoplasm (cleavage furrow)

cells large enough, DNA replicated, adequate supply of nutrients, growth factor stimulation, open space in tissue

loss of growth factor or nutrients, contact inhibition

abnormal growth when cells multiply faster than they die

the study of tumors

benign are encapsulated, malignant are unencapsulated

scavenger cells (remove them), peroxisomes (neutralize), nuclear enzymes (repair DNA), tumor necrosis factor (TNF destory)

mutated from proto-oncogenes, six oncogenes cause excessive production of growth factors, ras oncogene codes for abnormal growth factor receptors

chart of chromosomes at metaphase by size, structure

autosomes (22 pairs), sex chromosome ( x and y)

(gametes) sperm and egg cells, haploid

all other cells beside reproductive cells, diploid

two homologous chromosomes have same gene at same locus, may be different forms of gene

produces normal, functional protein

when both alleles are recessive produce abnormal protein or none at all

collective genetic makeup of whole population

more than 2 alleles for a trait

phenotype intermediate between traits for each allele (pink flower)

2 or more genes combine their effects to produce single phenotype trait like skin color

single gene causes multiple phenotype traits, such as sickle cell disease, anemia, enlarged spleen, etc.

percentage of population to express predicted phenotype