-
Buffer systems
- chemicals that can convert strong acids or bases into weak ones
- CARBONIC ACIDS - BICARBONATE BUFFER SYSTEMS
- H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3-
- Carbonic Acid (weak acid) ↔ Hydrogen Ion (strong acid) + Bicarbonate (weak base)
-
Acid - Base balance
- Strong acid = dissociates more = donates more H+
- weak acid = dissociates less - donates less H+
- dissociation = separate into ions and become surrounded by water molecules
-
carbon skeleton
hydrocarbon
functional groups
- chain of carbon (organic molecule) - covalently bonded
- hydrogen bonded to a carbon skeleton
- other atoms or molecules attached to a carbon skeleton
-
monomers
polymers
isomers
- monomer = one part
- polymer = many parts (formed by covalent bonds)
- macromolecule = very large molecules (formed by dehydration systhesis)
- isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formula
-
Macromolecules - 5
- 1. Carbohydrates
- 2. Proteins
- 3. Nucleic Acids
- 4. ATP
- 5. Lipids
-
Carbohydrates
- macromolecule - sugar is its monomer
- consist of C, H, O
- used to fuel ATP production
- Monosaccharides - one - simple sugar
- disaccharide - two - simple sugars
- polysaccharides - many - complex sugars- GLYCOGEN (insoluble in water)- function as glycose storage in the liver and skeletal muscles - 3x as much in skeletal muscles - limited amount of storage space - excess is turned to fat
- For every 2.2 lbs of fat - body has to add miles of blood vessels to support it
-
Lipids
- hydrophilic - less polar so less soluble in water than carbs
- made of C, H O
- lipoproteins - lipid/ proteins that are water soluble because the proteins are on the outside
- 1. Tryglycerides
- 2. Phospholipids
- 3. Steroids
- 4. Eicosanoids
-
Triglycerides
Adipose tissue
- Triglycerides (Triacylglycerols) - glycerol molecule (3 carbon) and three fatty acid chains
- most numerous lipid in the body - stores 2x as much energy at carbs
- excess is stored as adipose tissue - fat tissue
- 1. Saturated Fats
- 2. Monounsaturated fats
- 3. Polyunsaturated fats
-
Saturated fats
Monounsaturated fats
polyunsaturated fats
- saturated fats - triglycerides that contain only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms in the fatty acids - straight fats pack tight - solid at room temperature
- monounsaturated fats - triglicerides that have one double bond between carbon atoms - kink in the acid - liquid at room temp
- polyunsaturated fats - more than one double bond - kinks - liquid
-
phospholipids
amphipathic
- glycerol molecule (3Carbon) + phosphate molecule + 2 fatty acid tails
- major component of cell membranes
- amphipathic molecules contain both polar and nonpolar parts
-
Steroids
- four attached carbon rings
- found in sex hormones, bile, structural components of cell membrane, and fat soluble vitamins A,D,E,K
-
Eicosanoids
- 20 carbon fatty acid - messengers that help regulate bodily functions
- Two Types
- Prostagladins - many functions - eg reg body temp, form blood clots
- Leukotrienes - participate in allergic and inflammatory response
-
Proteins
- macromolecules consisting of C,H,O,N, and S
- monomer = amino acids
- 20 different amino acids exist - combine in different ways via peptide bonds to build proteins
-
4 levels of protein structure
- 1. Primary - order of amino acids - genetically determined - linked by covalent bonds (called a peptide bond)
- 2. Secondary - large scale pleating and folding - alpha helix (clockwise spiral) and beta pleated sheets - shape held in place by hydrogen bonds
- 3. Tertiary - 3D shape of the protein - chaperones aid the folding process - hydrophobic portions folded inside
- 4. Quarternary - two or move polypeptides arranged toegther
-
Amino Acids
- carbon atom + three functional groups
- amino group (-NH2) + carboxyl group (-COOH) + R group (side chain)
- PROTEINS ARE BUFFERS
- amino group is a hydrogen accepter
- carboxyl group is a hydrogen donater
-
peptide bond
peptide
polypeptide
- covalent bond between two amino acids - dipeptide - dehydration synthesis
- peptide is 4-9 amino acid chain
- polypeptide 10-200 amino acid chain
-
enzyme
- enzyme is a catalyst but not all catalysts are enzymes
- proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy
- Very specific - each enzyme only work on specific substrates
- Efficient - enzyme can be reused
- -ase = enzyme
- Under the control of the cell - rate of reaction is controlled by the cell
-
nucleic acids
- DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid
- RNA - Ribonucleic acid
- contain C, H, O ,N, P
- store and transmit genetic information
- determine the order that amino acids combine to form protiens
- consist of building block called nucleotides
- nucelotides = phosphate + pentose (5C) sugar + Nitrogenous bases
-
nitrogenous bases
- DNA:
- Thymine, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine
- RNA:
- Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine
- Purines: G, A - large double ring bases
- Pyrimidines: C,U,T - small, single ring bases
-
ATP - Adenosine triphosphate
- Energy currency of the body - any process in the body that uses energy, uses ATP
- similar in structure to nucleotides-
- Adenosine = adenine + ribose sugar
- ATP = Adenosine + 3 phosphates
- ADP = Adenosine + 2 phosphates
- ATP = ADP + P - releases energy
-
Anaerobic phase (of cellular respiration)
- does not require oxygen
- glucose is broken two into two pyruvates (pyruvic acid) by catabolic processes
- yeild 2 ATP
-
Aerobic phase (of cellular respiration)
- uses oxygen
- glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water
- Release heat and 36 or 38 ATP
-
Anabolism and catabolism of ATP
ATP + H2O →ATPase→ ADP + P + E (energy)
ADP + P + E →ATP synthase→ ATP + H2O
|
|
