Chapter 3/4 Review

up to 2 meters long

10-15 micrometers in diameter

100 micrometer

cell growth increases volume more than surface area

surrounds cell, made of proteins and lipids

organelles, cytoskeleton, cytosol (ICF), ECF

98% of molecules in plasma membrane are lipids

75% of membrane lipids are phospholipids

face water on each side of membrane

directed toward the center avoid water

20% of the membrane lipids, stiffen membrane

5% of the membrane lipids, contributes to glycocalyx

2% of the molecules in plasma membrane, 50% of its weight

pass through membrane

adhere to one face of the membrane, help anchor the membrane

surface proteins on plasma membrane of tarfet cell

transmembrane proteins with pores that allow water and dissolved ions to pass through membrane in response to stimuli, Ligand, Voltage-regulated, mechanically regulated gates

family of diseases that result form defects in channel proteins

Transmembrane proteins bind to glucose, electrolytes, and other solutes

it is a carrier and no ATP is required

it is called a pump and ATP is required

are the identity markers for our immune system, are part of the surface gel called the glycocalyx

the chemical that binds to a receptor is the first messenger, activates G-protein,which signals enzyme Adenylate Cyclase, which converts ATP to cAMP (Second messenger)

cAMP activates a kinase in the cytosol, kinases add phosphate group to other enzymes and turn on internal cell

up to 60% of modern drugs work by altering activity of G-protein

Cell identity marker

airlike processes 7-10 micrometers long, on surface of respiratory tract and uterine tubes

core of cilia that is the structural basis for ciliary movement

Nine triplets of microtubules form the basal body inside the cell membrane, anchor cilium, Dynein arms crawl up adjacent microtubule, bending the cilia

Active transport, vesicular transport, carrier mediated transport

a process in which particles are driven through a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure

the net movement of particles from area of high concentration to low

temperature, concentration, surface area, membrane permeability, and weight decreases rate

flow of water form one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other

channel proteins in plasma membrane specialized for passage of water

number of osmoles of solute per kilogram of water

number of osmoles of solutes per liter of solutions

ability of a solution to affect fluid volume and pressure in a cell

1 mole of dissolved particles

300 mOsm/L

cell bursts

cell shirvels

Transport maximum

carries only one solute at a time

carries two or more solutes simultaneously in same direction (contransport)

carries two or more solutes in opposite directions (countertransport)

facilitated diffusion, active transport

carrier mediated transport of solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient, does not consume ATP

carrier mediated transport of solute through a membrane up (against) its concentration gradient, ATP is consumed

steep concentration gradient maintained between one side of the membrane and the other, does not consume but relies on Na/K pump

processes that move larged particles fluid droplets, or numerous molecules at one through the membrane

vesicular processes that bring material into the cell

"cell eating", engulfing large particles, pseudopods, phagosomes, macrophages

"cell drinking" taking in droplets of ECF containing molecules useful in the cell

coated vesicle, uptake of LDL of bloodstream

collection of filaments and cylinders, composed of microfilaments 6nm terminal web, intermediate fibers 8-10nm support, microtubules 25nm tubulin

nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, ER, golgi

ribosomes, centrosomes, centrioles, basal bodies

lack ribosomes, detoxify alcohols and drugs, manufactures all membranes of the cell, synthesizes steroids

made in nucleoli, they read genetic code of mRNA

package of enzymes bound a single unit membrane

digest and dispose of worn out mitochondria and other organelles

cell suicide, some cells are destroyed once their job is completed

produced by Smooth ER

a short cylindrical assemby of microtubules arranged in nine groups of three microtubules each, play a role in cell division

stored cellular product, foreign bodies, not essential for cell survival

glycogen granules, pigments, and fat droplets

viruses, intracellular bacteria, dust particles

no nucleus (mature RBC)

2-50 nuclei (skeletal muscle)

surrounds nucleus, has two membranes

perforate nuclear envelope

material within nucleus

DNA and associated proteins

dark staining, produce ribosome subunits

formed by ring shaped complex of proteins, regulate traffic through envelope, holds nuclear evelope together

cluster of eight proteins, histones, serve as spools to protect and organize DNA

preparation for cell division

Sugar-ribose, deoxyribose, Phosphate group, Nitrogenous Base

double carbon nitrogen ring, Adenine, Guanine

single carbon nitrogen ring, Uracil, Thymine, Cytosine

sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for one polypeptide

all the genes for one person

70-90 bases

over 10,000 bases

over a billion bases

cell replicaiton

cell reproduction (gametes)

sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for 1 amino acid

64

AUG Methionine

sense portions

nonsense portions (must be removed)

1.DNA Double Helix, 2.DNA Coding Strand, 3.Codons of mRNA, 4.Anticodons of tRNA, 5.Amino Acids, 6.Peptide

Assist is proper folding of new proteins, may escort protein to destination in cell, stress or heat shock proteins

amino acid sequence that causes polyribosome to migrate to rough ER and enter cisterna

signal peptide removed, may remove amino acids, fold protein, form disulfide bridges, or add CHO groups

from histones

opens short segments, called replication fork

DNA polymerase

each new DNA has one new helix and the other helix conserved from parent DNA

3 errors per 100,000 bases copied

1 per 1,000,000,000

changes in DNA structure due to replication errors or environmental factors

no effect, kill cell, turn it cancerous, cause genetic defects

G1, S, G2

Normal cellular function, gain full set of organelles

DNA replication

Preparation for mitosis, replicates centrioles, synthesizes enzymes for cell division

nuclear and cytoplasmic division

cells that have left the cycle

embryonic development, tissue growth, replacement of old and dead cells

chromatin supercoils into chromosomes, nuclear envelope disintegrates, centrioles sport microtubules (mitotic spindle) and move to poles, nucleoli disintegrates, spindle apparatus is completed

chromosomes line up at equator, spindle fibers attach to centromere, asters anchor centrioles to plasma membrane

centromeres divide, spindle fibers pull sister chromatids to opposite poles

chromatin uncoils, nuclear envelope forms and nucleoli form, mitotic spindle breaks down

division of cytoplasm (cleavage furrow)

cells are large enough, DNA replicated, adequate supply of nutrients, growth factor stimulation, open space in tissue

loss of growth factor, contact inhibition

abnormal growth, when cells multiply faster than they die

study of tumors

cigarette, food preservatives

type 2 herpes simplex in uterus, hepatits B in liver

scavenger cells, peroxisomes, nuclear enzymes, tumor necrosis factor TNF

chart of chromosome at metaphase by size, structure

22 pairs autosomes, sex chromosome, 2 chromosomes in each pair one from each parent

Gamete, sperm and egg cells, haploid

all other cells beside reproductive, diploid

two homologous chromosomes have some gene at same locus, may be different forms of gene

produces normal, functional protein

when both alleles are recessive produces abnormal protein or no protein

collective genetic make-up of whole population

more than 2 alleles for a trait

both alleles expressed, like AB blood type

phenotype intermediate between traits for each allele (pink flower)

2 or more genes combine their effects to produce single phenotype trait such as skin color

single gene causes multiple traits, such as sickle cell disease, anemia, weakness

% of population to express predicted phenotype