lighting instruments

when was the fresnel spotlight introduced?

what lighting instrument declined in general use, not the most efficient light

it produces a soft, diffused, luminescent light
used to produce a top wash or as back lighting

produces a cone of light with a central hot spot that rapidly loses intensity toward the edge

produces a cone of light that is a smooth wash of light. often called a flood or flooding

diffused treatment on its plano surface that produces a soft, circular beam of light
stepped convex side to lighten the lens and prevent heat fracture
the diffusion negates the beam spread characteristics controlled by the focal length of the lens

the lamp-
150 watt for a 3" to 2000 watts for 8" and 12" spots
prefocus type base, halogen-tungsten lamp

it is mounted directly behind the filament of the lamp
reflects all the light rays that are striking it back through the lens
doubles the light output of the lamp

mounted on a small sled that slides back and forth in the housing during focusing
 moving the sled (lamp and reflection all the way back in the instrument) provides a narrow beam of light
  moving the sled forward floods the light

deficiencies of frensel

flippers (called doors) can be swung into a beam of light and can cut off as much light as desired
fits into the color frame

produces a circular pattern of light that is dependent on the diameter and length of the top hats cylinder
used to prevent flare on adjacent scenery, masking or architecture
fits in the color frame

designed to prevent flare or spill on only part of the beam emitted from the Fresnel
fits in color frame

self contained
lens
fillament
reflector

lamp housing performs no other function then safely holding the lamp and color media

used when a substantial amount of flat lighting is needed
cheap and durable, lightweight and portability
 used for rock and roll lighting, tours, events
ideal for color washes

produces an oval pool of light with unfocused edges
strong light output with soft edges
   ideal for providing brightness with blending ability
the lamp can be swiveled to change the orientation of the oval

housing built with a parabolic reflector
uses a high performance H-T lamp that is common to it's instrument
uses a variety of interchangeable lens to set the beam and field angle
commonly comes with it's lens and standard reflector
but a fifth wide angle lens and cold mirror reflector are available

a variation of the source four PAR is this instrument, a wash lighting fixture intended to be an alternative for Fresnel laterns

other names for elliposidal reflector spotlight

"work horse" of stage lighting
narrow beam, throws light a long distance
intense hard-edged beam with little diffusion
internally mounted shutters, for shaping the edge of the light

gathers light from one focal point and focuses it on a second focal point
uses the shutters to shape the light edge
relies on calculating the beam angle, field angle and foot candle to determine use and placement

the point in which the light emitted is 50% compared to the center of the beam

the point in which the light is emitted is 10% compared to the center of the beam

amount of light on the lighting area (what you are lighting)
equal to 1 square foot of light from 1 foot away

any light less than ___ foot candles is unusable to the lighting design

lamp is halogen tungsten lamps
250W-1000W
HPL 575 Watt Lamp= 1000 Watt Lamp

combination of plano-convex lenses

name some ERS Accessories

high intensity, hard edged beam
sizes
  smallest have a throw of 30'
 largest used carbon arc technology and have a throw of 300' - 400'

shutters
iris
spherical reflector
rear, front condensing lens
focusing lens
focus control
reflector sled
color media shutters
     not dimmable

physical properties
  housing
    six to ten foot long trough that is wired to hold a series of lamps
   yoked to be secured to the deck or attached to an electric

wiring
   typically wired in a three to four series circuits
  allows you to put 3-4 colors on each strip light

lenses
  none- have colored media frames
 roundels-
  colored diffusing glass lens

housing
style one: has a symmetrical reflector for providing a smooth color wash anywhere on stage
style two: asymmetrical reflector specifically designed to light cycs
   bolted together and then used to light __ from above and below

design use
  provide an uneven wash of light that is perfect for lighting cycs
  provide an even color wash on the stage by using a symmetrical reflector

design use
   light drops, cycs and work light
  raisin bran lighting

physical properties
   half a sphere, conical ellipsoidal
  reflective surface on the inside
  14", 16", 18" diameters
 lens less
 larger color frame holder

physical properties
  vertical pipe with a heavy base
  1-1/2" pipe (or 1-1/4")
 often have adjustable cross bars or side arms
  instruments are hung on these

design use
  proscenium theatres
  in places with no permanent lighting positions
   typically for side light
  often used in dance

lighting structures that are like booms
hung from the end of a batten (electric)
tab pipe
dead hung from grid

engineered structure that is used for temporary lighting placements in many types of venues
highly structural and designed to hold many instruments and other items

used to extend a horizontal lighting position off a vertical pipe or change the plane of a instrument hung on any lighting position