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Nature
- part of genetic endowment
- innate, genetic, maturation
- Nativist
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Nurture
- acquired through experience
- environmental, cultural
- Empiricist
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Example of why IRB is needed
Del & Ray deprivation study - 2 twin girls from uneducated poor parents who were reared in controlled deprivation conditions
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reliability
- refers to the consistency of an observation
- is the finding replicable?
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inter-rater/observer reliability
would a different observer see the same thing?
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Test-retest reliability
would same people act the same way if they were tested again?
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validity
whether you are measuring what you intended to measure
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internal validity
has to do with the design of the experiment
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construct validity
how you interpreted the results
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external (ecological) validity
whether or not your results can be generalized
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experimenter bias
- researcher inadvertently inserts opinion into the study
- do blind experiments to prevent this
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subject bias
participants slant results to please the experimenter or for other reasons
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gender bias
- when the study is designed so that one gender is favored over another
- ex. masuring girls with a scale made for boys
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cultural bias
- ex. scheduling test on yom kippur - students might not do well bc theyre fasting
- ex. IQ tests are geared towards upper/middle class students but unfair to lower class students bc they havent been exposed to the same words/experiences
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Sample
the people you choose to study
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Population
the group of people you want to generalize about
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W.E.I.R.D. =?
- western
- educated
- industrialized
- rich
- democratic
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Age error
- using age as an independent variable = WRONG
- bc you cannot assign someone to an age
- avoid this by: using age as DV, doing age-matched designs
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Why are larger samples better
- because the more participants you have, the more statistical power there is
- important to have larger samples bc children are very variable
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3 types of research designs
- case study - studies one child, unique opportunity but hard to generalize to other kids
- cross-sectional - 1 observation per participant, can be same age or different ages or diff ability groups, quick and easy but cant see development
- longitudinal - more than 2 observations per participants over a certain length of time, can see developmental changes but it is very expensive
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Sampling Interval Error
concluding that development is stage-like or continuous based on too-large sampling intervals
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Zygotic Period
- 0-2 weekss
- zygote implants itself into the wall of the uterus
- cell division occurs rapidly
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Embryonic Period
- 2-8 weeks
- the support structures grow from cluster of cells and all the important anatomy is laid down
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amnion
sac in which the baby lives
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chorion
layer outside the amniotic sac
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cell migration
newly formed cells move to other locations
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cell differentiation
all cells are the same at first, then they begin to specialize
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Fetal Period
- 9-40 weeks/birth
- baby gets bigger and fatter
- the lungs also develop
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At 8 weeks in fetal development
you start to see the amnion clearly
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At 9 weeks in fetal development
the fetus can start to move its body parts
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At 16 weeks in fetal development
the mother can feel the fetus moving
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During which period is fetus most susceptible to teratogens
embryonic period
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If something bad happens in zygotic period
spontaneous abortion
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If something bad happens in embryonic period
affects later development negatively
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If something bad happens in fetal period
baby is born prematurely
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Teratogens
substances or events that can produce birth defects
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Examples of teratogens
alcohol, nicotine, low nutrition, exposure to radiation
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What was thalidomide used for?
to prevent morning sickness
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Effects of taking thalidomide at 38-48 weeks
defects in ears
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Effects of taking thalidomide in 38-46 week period
defects in arms
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Effects of taking thalidomide in 30-46 week period
defects in legs
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Effects of thalidomide after 50 weeks
no effect
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4 stages of labor
- cervix dilates and gets thinner so baby can move along (can last for 24 hours)
- pushing can last from 30min-2 hour
- delivery of baby
- delivery of placenta
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Normal gestation period
38-40 weeks
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Normal weight for babies
5.5 pounds minimum
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What does it mean to be premature
born 35 weeks or before
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SGA
small for gestational age, born tiny
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Which is worse - being born early or SGA?
SGA because there is a higher chance of developmental systems not being fully developed
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Cerebral Palsy - effects and what is it associated with?
- inability to control movements or muscles
- CP babies have- brain lesions, abnormal muscle tone, mental retardation
- associated with - poor women bc they arent getting enough nutrition and with older women
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Genotype
genetic material that an organism inherits
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Phenotype
observable characteristics of the genotype (behavior, looks)
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Environment
every aspect of the organism and its surroundings
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Trisomy 21
- aka down syndrome
- 3 chromosome #21 instead of just 2
- hypotonic/really loose muscles
- deficits in cognitive abilities, partial mental retardation
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PKU
- a recessive gene on chromosome 12 that prevents breakdown of phenylalanine in food
- mother with PKU can break it down, passes it on to child while breastfeeding
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If you have 2 recessive genes for PKU but dont eat it
you will be fine
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If you have 2 recessive genes for PKU and ingest phenylalanine
will cause mental retardation within a year
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Phenotype of PKU
kid will have lighter hair and eyes than other siblings who dont have it
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Genes
sections of chromosomes that code for proteins
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Autosomes
all chromosomes that arent sex chromosomes
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Sex-Linked Traits
- more common in boys because they only have one copy of an X chromosome so they cannot override a recessive gene whereas girls can
- ex. color blindness, fragile x syndrome, hemophelia
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Turner's syndrome
- female only has one x chromosome
- leads to delayed puberty and fertility, as well as learning disabilities
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Klinefelter's syndrome
- male is born with an extra X chromosome (XXY)
- low testosterone, reduced body mass/facial hair, produce little to no sperm
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Monozygotic vs Dizygotic twins
- mono - identical, one egg that splits up into two, both have the same genes
- Di - fraternal, two separate eggs are fertilized by two sperm
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Development of touch by what fetal age
50 days
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Development of sense of balance by what fetal age
100 days
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Development of hearing by what fetal age
150 days
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Development of seeing by what fetal age
180 days
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