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What are the two major subdivisions of the immune system
- –Innate immune system we are born with
- First line of defense against invading organisms
- –Adaptive immune system develops throughout life
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The body responds to infection by
- Sending certain cells to the infection site
- Producing biochemical substances to counteract the foreign invaders and to increase the host response (turn up the response)
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What is the function of LEUKOCYTES
- Act like independent single-cell organisms
- Can move through tissues and capture microorganisms on their own
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What 2 types of leukocytes are important in periodontal disease
- –Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, neutrophils (PMNs)
- –Monocytes(in the bloodstream)/macrophages(in the tissues)
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POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES are also called _______ and are the ________ in acute infection. Their method of action is to ______ and live about _______
- neutrophils
- first line of defense
- Wall off, capture and destroy bacterial invaders by phagocytosis
- (about 2 days); die when they become engorged with bacteria
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PMNs are attracted to bacteria by a process called ________ and contain many strong bactericidal and digestive enzymes, called ______
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Periodontal pathogens are most effectively destroyed by
PMNs
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What are some characteristics of MONOCYTES/MACROPHAGES
- Called monocytes when in the bloodstream
- Called macrophages when in the tissues
- Slower to arrive at the infection site than the PMNs
- Surround and destroy bacteria (phagocytize)Antigen-presenter cells (APC’s) to T4 cells
- Long-lived cells more numerous in chronic inflammation
- Release cytokines
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________ are the Primary white blood cells involved in the immune response and Recognize foreign substances known as ________ and the two main types are
- LYMPHOCYTES
- antigens
- –B lymphocytes (B cells) –T lymphocytes (T cells)
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Primary function of B cells is to ________ and what are the two types
- produce antibodies
- –Plasma B cells and –Memory B cells
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Antibodies are _______ with one end that binds to the ______ and the other end binds to a ________. It does what to the bacteria and what does it activate?
- Y-shaped proteins
- outside of the B cell
- microorganism and helps to kill it by forming an antigen-antibody complex
- Coat bacteria making them more susceptible to phagocytosis
- Activate the complement system
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Antibodies are known collectively as
immunoglobulins
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The main function of T LYMPHOCYTES (T CELLS) is to __________. They produce _______ which is a _________. What are the two types
- intensify the response of other immune cells (macrophages, B lymphocytes) to the bacterial invasion
- cytokines
- –protein produced by a cell that influences the behavior of other nearby cells
- T-helper cell (T-4) and T-suppressor cell (T-8)
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What are the types of cytokines
IL-1, IL-6. IL-8, TNF-α
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The Complement system is a __________ that functions to _______
- complex series of proteins circulating in the blood
- 1.Destroy pathogens by forming a membrane attack complex capable of puncturing cell membranes of bacteria
- 2. Opsonization of pathogens by coating the bacterial surface to make it more recognizable to phagocytes
- 3. Recruit additional phagocytes by-way-of chemotaxis
- 4. Immune clearance by removal of immune complexes from circulation (housekeeping)
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Chemotaxis is the process whereby leukocytes
- Leave the blood vessels and enter the connective tissue
- Are attracted to the site of the infection in response to biochemical compounds (chemokines) released by the invading bacteria
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chemotaxis = directed movement of ______ to the ________
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Local tissue destruction due to
______ and the release of ________ following death of the WBC
- phagocytosis
- lysosomal enzymes
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What is acute inflammation and what are the 5 classic signs of inflammation
- –Inflammatory response that begins suddenly and is of short duration (hours, days, to a couple of weeks)
- Heat
- Redness
- Swelling
- Pain
- Loss of function
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During acute inflammation there is a dilation of the microcirculation which is an __________ caused by the release of _______ at the time of injury leading to ________
- Increase in diameter of the vessels
- chemical mediators
- hyperemia – increase blood flow
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Increase blood flow to the injured tissues leads to an _________ allowing ______ and ______ to get to the tissue. This fluid is called _______ which helps to _______
- increase in blood vessel permeability
- blood plasma and proteins
- exudate
- dilute the injurious agents
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What is margination
RBC’s pool in the vessels and the WBC’s are pushed out to the sides of the vessel walls
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What is pavementing
The sticking to the walls of the white blood cells
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What is emigration, (diapedesis or transendothelial migration)
After pavementing occurs, the white blood cells begin to leave the vessels along with the plasma, and enter the injured tissues
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The biochemical mediators that enhance this directed movement (chemotaxis) are called
chemotactic factors
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Cytokines induce liver to produce
acute phase proteins like CRP (C-reactive protein).
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In Chronic inflammation pain is usually
absent
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Chronic inflammation occurs because _______. The invading microorganisms are persistent and stimulate an _________
- the body is unable to rid itself of invading organism (poor plaque control, pockets)
- exaggerated immune response
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Chronic inflammation is characterized by an accumulation of _________ while acute inflammation is marked by increase in ________
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Leukocytes release more inflammatory mediators that perpetuate the inflammatory response such as
–IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8, TNF-alpha–Prostaglandins
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INFLAMMATORY BIOCHEMICAL MEDIATORS are
Biologically active compounds secreted by cells that activate the body’s inflammatory response
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What are Chemokines
a subgroup of cytokines that cause additional immune cells to be attracted to the site of an infection or injury (chemotaxis)
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What is the function of Matrix metalloproteinases
get rid of the connective tissue
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