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Three most abundant elements in body. (out of 13 most abundant)
- Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen
- (or go with CHO!)
- cho chang, harry potter, nothing? fine.
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3 examples of trace elements (14 elements total in body)
- sulfur, chlorine, iodine.
- in SMALL amounts.
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Context: Subatomic particles
Protons (P+)
variations?
- positive charge (p.p. hee hee)
- variations change the element
- (# protons = atomic number and the periodic table shows each element with a different atomic number).
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Context: subatomic particles
neutrons (n)
variations?
- neutral (n.n)
- variations change the isotope
- (nice ice. n (neutrons) and i (isotope)). yea that's the best I can come up with.
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context: subatomic particles
elections (e-)
variations?
- negative charge
- variations change the ion
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QUESTION (class example):
context: isotope, ion, or element?
1 P+ and 0 e-
catION
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QUESTION (class example):
context: isotope, ion, or element?
1 P+ and 2 N and 1 e-
- Isotope
- --> Nice Ice(otope)
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QUESTION (class example):
context: isotope, ion, or element?
1 P+ and 1 e-
- element
- P+ = e-
- and no changing neutrons
- note: neutrons only in elements after hydrogen
- ex above was hydrogen.
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context: chemical BONDS
How many chemical bonds exist for this lecture?
What are they?
- 4
- Bond = 4 letters.
- Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen, Van der Waals
- (VICH as in "VICH" bond is which)
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Context: interaction between atoms
mickey mouse bond (water) is what type of bond
with what strength?
hint: unequal sharing of electrons
polar covalent bond
Bond Strength: 50-200 kcal/mol
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Context: interaction between atoms
if you aren't a mickey mouse bond, nor an uneven covalent bond
hint: equal sharing of electrons
Nonpolar covalent bond
Bond Strength: 50-200 kcal/mol (notice this is same as polar)
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Context: interaction between atoms
Bonding that doesn't share electrons
hint: no sharing of electrons
- Ionic bonds
- ex: NaCl
- (most likely metal/transition metal + nonmetal)
- Bond Strength: 20 kcal/mol (idea: this is weak compared to covalent bonds)
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Context: interaction between molecules
weak forces between O and H
Hydrogen bond
Bond Strength: 1-2 kcal/mol
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Context: interaction between molecules
weak forces. a little positive and a little negative from bumping and grinding...
just kidding about grinding.
Van der Waals
Bond Strength: 1 kcal/mol
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Context: Basic energy concepts
potential energy
- stored energy (can use to do work)
- ex:ATP, fat, glycogen, glucose, covalent bonds
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Context: Basic energy concepts
kinetic energy
- energy used (to do work)
- ex: energy RELEASED when breaking covalent bonds
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Context: Basic energy concepts
Endergonic/Endothermic
net consumption of energy. cool to the touch
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Context: Basic energy concepts
exergonic/exothermic
net release of energy. heat produced
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context: types of chemical rxns
catabolism
- decomposition
- AB --> A + B
- ex: hydrolysis - break down of water (hydro , lysis)
- exergonic = break bond to RELEASE energy
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context: types of chemical rxns
anabolism
- synthesis
- A + B --> AB
- ex: dehydration
- endergonic
- (SAD - synthesis, anabolic, dehydration)
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context: types of chemical rxns
exchange reactions
- AB + CD = AD + BC
- exchanging partners like a hoe-down show down.
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context: types of chemical rxns
reversible reactions
- A+ B --> AB
- AB --> A + B
- synthesis and decomposition can occur. not permanent.
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QUESTION (class example):
Choose one for:
Catabolic reaction.
1)Typically uses heat
2) is common for a dehydration reaction
3) Is the same thing as a synthesis reaction
4) Is often exergonic
5) Is also known as an exchange reaction
answer: is #4
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Inorganic compounds
- Doesn't have the C AND H most of the time.
- ex: CO2, H2O, O2, acid/bases/salt (abs)
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2 points that Water is useful for
- 1. Reactivity- ex: dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
- 2. Lubrication - ex: synovial, pleural, pericardial, serous fluids.
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Context: water and its properties
Heat Capacity
- -high boiling point
- -low freezing point
- -a lot of heat released from liquid to gas
- -1cal = raise 1 g of 1 degree celcius (111 because water is number 1!)
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Context: water and its properties
polar solvent
- -solution (smallest solutes)
- -colloid
- -suspension (largest solutes)
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Hydrophilic
water lovin' and disorganized partyers
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hydrophobic
- water hating, lipid loving.
- emo group - likes to hang in micelles.
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Electrolyte
- soluble inorganic molecules whose ions will conduct an electrical current in solution
- ex: NaCl, dec in potassium = paralysis, irregular heartbeats.
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What is pH?
negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration
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context: pH
Neutral
pH = 7.0
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context: pH
basic/alkaline
> 7.0
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role of each:
Acid + Base --> Salt + H2O
? ?
- acid = proton donator
- base = proton acceptor
- weak: partially ionizes
- strong: fully ionizes
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Context: organic compounds
Carbohydrates
- C1H2O1
-
~1% (diet or anabolism) - ex: monosaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (sucrose), polysaccharides (cellulose)
- -immediate use of energy
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Context: organic compounds
lipids
- C1H2
- 12-24% (diet or anabolism)
- ex: fatty acids (-COOH), eicosanoids (ARA- arachadonic acid, prostaglandins (pain), leukotriene (inflammation)), steroids (cholesterol, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol) glycerides
- -storage of energy
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Context: organic compounds
Proteins
- CnHnOnNn
- 20% (amino acids)
- ex: glycoproteins, proteoglycans
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Context: organic compounds
Nucleic acids
- CnHnOnNnPn
- ex: DNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
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Context: organic compounds
High energy compounds
- CnHnOnNnP3
- Synthesized.
- Storage and transfer of energy (7.3 kcal/mol)
- ex: ATP, GTP, UTP, CTP
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QUESTION (class example):
MATCHING:
1. Nucleoside a)a single sugar and nitrogen ring structure attached to one or more phosphate
2. Nucleotide b) an extended sugar phosphate backbone attached to a nitrogen containing compound
3. Nucleic acid c) can be a purine or pyrimidine
4. Nitrogenous base d) a single or double ring struture attached to a sugar molecule
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QUESTION (class example):
Changing pH on protein.
what happens?
Changing temperature
what happens?
- denature bonds;
- slower to conformation
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Context: types of proteins
structural proteins
- ex: collagen
- (keep us looking smooth)
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Context: types of proteins
contractile proteins
ex: actin
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Context: types of proteins
transport proteins
ex: ion channels
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Context: types of proteins
buffering proteins
ex: hemoglobin
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Context: types of proteins
metabolic proteins
ex: enzymes
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Context: types of proteins
hormones
ex: insulin
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Context: types of proteins
defense
ex: immunoglobulins
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context: enzymes
synthesis process
- E + S1+S2 --> ES1S2 --> EP => E + P
- -substrates bind to enzyme. substrates form a product. product leaves enzyme.
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context: enzymes
decomposition process
E + S --> ES --> EP1P2 ==> E + P1 + P2
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Purpose of enzymes
lower activation energy, makes processes happen faster than normal
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context: enzymes
2 types of inhibition
competitive and non-competitive (has second site)
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context: hybrid molecules
Proteoglycans are?
Glycoproteins are?
- The 2nd part of word is what it is.
- 1) proteins hanging off of the carbohydrates (it's a carbohydrate).
- 2) glycogen hanging off of the proteins (it's a protein)
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3 components of Nucleic acids
- 1. Phosphate
- 2. Sugar (pentose = 5 carbon sugar)
- 3. Nitrogenous base
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Purines
- 2 ringed molecules
- Adenine and guanine
- Remember: As PURE as Gold (A P G).
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Pyrimidines
- 1 ringed molecules
- cytosine, uracil, thymine
- Remember: CUT the Pyrimid. (don't cut the cheese!)
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DNA VS RNA
- 2' C has either hydrogen (DNA) or hydroxide (RNA).
- RNA = copy machine
- DNA = library
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