A&P lab

The cells life cycle is a series of changes- from formation until reproduction of itself- interphase is the longer period during which the cell gows and carries out its usual activities and cell division

division of cell division, mitosis is nuclear division.....the product of mitosis is 2 daughter nuclei that are genetically identical to the mother nucleus

division of the cytoplasm which begins after mitosis is nearly complete. If cytokinesis does not occur binucleate or multinucleate cells form, common in the liver

structural and functional unit of all living things, complex entity

nuleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm

threadlike genetic material loosely dispersed throughout the nucleus

when the cell is in the process of dividing to form daughter cells, the chromatin coils and condenses- forming dense, darkly staining rodlike bodies

one or more small round bodies, primarily protiens and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

double layered pourous membrane, distinguished by large nuclear pores

seperates cell contents from surrounding environment.

valuable cell proteins and other substances are kept within the cell and excreta or wastes pass to the exerior

fingerlike projections, increase the surface area of the cell available for absorption or passage of materials and for binding molecules.

fluid cytoplasmic material in the cytoplasm where the most cell activities are carried out

metabolic macheinery of the cell, highly organixed to carry out specific functions of the cell...include ribosomes, endoplasmic teticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, cytoskeletal elements and centrioles

densly staining, roughly spherical bodies composed of RNA and protein: actual sites of protein synthesis

highly folded system of membraneous tublues and cisternae (sacs) that extend through the cytoplasm- provides a system of transport of cellular substances (mainly proteins) from one part of the cell to another

• rough ER is studded with ribosomes, its cisternae modify and store newly formed proteins and dispatch them to other areas of the cells
• smooth ER- does not participate in protein synthesis, it is present in cells that produce steroid based hormones, and abundant in cells that are active in lipid methobllism and drug detoxification (ex: liver cells)

stack of flattened sacs with bulbous ends generally found close to the nucleus; proteins delivered from rough ER are modified, segregated and packaged in membranous vesicles that 1. incorporated in to the plasma membrane 2. become secretory vesicles that release their contents 3 become lysosomes.

various sized membrane bound sacs containing powerful digestive enzymes

like lysosomes, enzyme containing sacs, they detoxify harmful substances, such as free radicals using oxygen, abundant in kidney and liver cells

rod shaped bodies with a double membrane wall - catalyze the reactions of Krebs cycle (oxidative respiration)- produce energy captured in the bonds of ATP molecules, ready energy to power the cells- powerhouses of the cell

support and move substances within the cell

slender tubules formed of proteins (tubulins organize the cytoskeleton and direct formation of the spindle formed by the centrioles during cell division- also transport substances down the elongated cells, suspend organelles and help maintain cell shape

stable proteinaceous cytoskeletal elements that act as internal guy wires to resist mechanical forces acting on cells

ribbon or cordlike elements formed of contractile proteins, primaily actin- important in cell mobility and contrast

lie close to the nucleus in all animal cells capable of reproducing themselves, rodshaped bodies that lie at right angles to each other- during cell division they direct the formation of the mitotic spindle, also form the cell projections called cilia and flagella.

• interphase
• prophase
• metaphase
• anaphase
• telophase
• cytokinesis

first and longest stage of mitosis, formation of chromosomes

brief 2nd stage of mitosis in which chromosomes migrate to the central plane of th spindle and align along the plane in a straight line

3rd stage of mitosis- the enzyme separase cleaves cohesin and centromeres split- moving chromosomes look V-shaped

final phase of mitosis, chromosomal movement stops, prophase in reverse. mitosis ends, briefly has 2 nuclei