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Tox final

  1. An indoor-only dog presents with hyperactivity progressing to seizures. What are some of your differential diagnoses?
    antihistamines, amphetamines, methylxanthines, cocaine
  2. An outdoor dog presents with seizures. The neighbors recently threatened this animal's life. What are some common malicious poisons on your differential list?
    strychnyne, organophosphate or carbamate insecticides (rodenticides), metaldehydes, 4-aminopyridine
  3. How are clinical signs of lead poisoning different in horses vs cattle vs dogs?
    • cattle get muscle fasciculations, death, blindness, head pressing, bruxism, aggression, bloat, diarrhea
    • horses get lar par, facial nerve deficits, colic
    • dogs get GI, ataxia/seizures, PUPD, anemia, blindness, aggression
  4. How are clinical signs of lead poisoning different in horses vs cattle vs dogs?
    belladonna, datura, brugmansia (jimsonweed or nightshade)
  5. How does botulism cause mass die-offs in waterfowl?
    Heat drought and sewage make a good substrate for clostridium.  Water contamination, maggots concentrate toxin, waterfowl ingest maggots
  6. How is treatment of organophosphorus insecticide toxicosis different from treatment of carbamate insecticide toxicosis?
    Treatment for OPs is longer lasting (aging is permanent) and 2-PAM does nothing for carbamate
  7. Name 2 environmental toxicants that cause egg shell thinning in birds
    methylmercury, diphenyl aliphatics (DDT) and cyclodienes
  8. Name the important chelators in veterinary medicine
    EDTA, deferoxamine, deferasirox, DMSP, DMSA, D-penicillamine
  9. Occasionally, highly lipophilic and environmentally stable compounds are accidentally mixed into animal feeds. What are some considerations you need to be aware of to deal with these contaminants?
    • stay in environment FOREVER, absorbed through skin so need PPE to touch
    • lactation and weight loss increase excretion
    • disposal of culled animals may require regulatory approval
  10. What are common causes of bruxism and blindness in cattle?
    polioencephalomalacia (thiaminase, sulfur, hypernatremia as in pteridium, fireweed, horsetail), lead poisoning
  11. What are some important sources of lead for large animals? Small animals? Wild birds?
    • SA/wildlife: paint, weighted toys, drapery weights, sinkers, solder, foil from bottles, pewter, shot, tile, leaded clay, leaded gasoline, maybe traditional meds?
    • LA: batteries, roofing felt, motor oil/grease, paint, soil near smelter, mine tailings, shot
  12. What causes polioencephalomalacia in horses?
    Thiamin deficiency from bracken fern, kochia, equisetum, amaranthus, starvation or lack of supplementation
  13. What is Chastek paralysis and what causes it?
    Thiamine deficiency from all-fish diet
  14. What samples can be sent to a laboratory to check cholinesterase activity?  What is a major drawback for this test?
    • Whole blood, plasma: only confirms exposure if positive, but carbamate is transient so negative means nothing
    • brain: animal has to be dead
  15. What are the three important clinical diseases associated with Astragalus spp?
    Locoism, miserotoxicosis/nitrotoxicosis ("cracker heel"), selenium toxicosis
  16. What are two major toxic diseases of waterfowl?
    Lead poisoning, botulism
  17. What species can have increased sensitivity to ivermectin and related compounds?
    Dogs with MDR1/ABCB1 (collies), turtles, cats, horses, zebra, swine, cattle, frogs
  18. What  is the genetic mutation responsible for increased ivermectin sensitivity in dogs?
    MDR1/ABCB1
  19. What causes enzootic hematuria?
    • ptaquiloside in bracken fern
    • aka red water
  20. What causes bright blindness?
    Pteridium aquilinum, ptaquiloside, bracken fern
  21. What causes polioencephalomalacia in cattle?
    Thiaminase (pteridium, kochia, equisetum, amaranthus), starvation, lack of thiamin in diet, sulfur, lead, mercury, sodium ions/water deprivation
  22. What clinical pathology findings would you expect in a dog with chronic exposure to lead?
    Normocytic normochromic anemia, increased erythropoiesis with basophilic stippling, nucleated RBCs, centrilobular degeneration of liver, acid-fast intranuclear inclusions (rare), lead objects in GIT?
  23. What clinical signs are associated with botulism in birds and horses?
    • Birds: descending flaccid paralysis with awareness and pain perception, limberneck, prolapsed nictitating membrane.
    • Horses: dysphagia, reduced tongue tone, head and neck edema, recumbence, shaker foal syndrome
  24. What clinical signs are associated with muscarinic receptor agonists?
    • SLUD – salivation, lacrimation, urination, defection 
    • DUMBBBELLS – diarrhea, urination, miosis, bradycardia, bronchorrhea, bronchospasm, emesis, lacrimation, lethargy, salivation
  25. What considerations are important when administering atropine to a horse?
    ILEUS!  Only in life-threatening situations.  give <65mg SLOW IV IN FLUIDS, monitor gut sounds and maintain motility
  26. What drugs are used to treat lead poisoning?
    Chelators (EDTA), thiamin, magnesium sulfate PO.  Supportive/symptomatic (mannitol for cerebral edema, sz etc)
  27. What factors are commonly involved with plant intoxications in large animals?
    • datura (atropine, scopolamine = parasympatholytic/anticholinergic)
    • physostigma (physostigmine, AChE inhibitor)
    • nicotiana (nicotine, mimics ACh)
    • conium maculatum (poison hemlock, teratogen, TCC)
    • pteridium, Kochia, Equisetum, amaranthus (thiaminases, thiamine deficiency, poliomalacia), locoweeds (swainsonine inhibits manosidase, causes breakdown product buildup and cellular dysfunction)
    • Astragalus, oxytropis and Indigofera (miserotoxins/nitrotoxins, decreased ATP production)
  28. What is arthrogryposis?  What are some causes?
    Birth defect, nicotinic teratogen, locoism.  curved or hooked joints that lack normal range of motion
  29. What is bromethalin used for?
    rodenticide
  30. What is neuromuscular blockade?  Compare depolarizing to non-depolarizing blockade.
    Blocks action at the neuromuscular junction.  Depolarizing are ACh agonists – stimulate and desensitize.  Non-depolarizing are ACh antagonists – don't let it be stimulated.
  31. What is shaker foal syndrome?
    Botulism INFECTION (not intoxication) in baby horses
  32. What is the antidote for fentanyl overdose?
    naloxone
  33. What is the correct antemortem sample to submit if you suspect lead poisoning?  What postmortem samples are appropriate?
    • Whole blood
    • liver, kidney, bone
  34. What is the mechanism of action of carbamate insecticides?
    Transient acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
  35. What is the mechanism of action of swainsonine?
    Inhibits manosidases, causes a lysosomal storage disease, disrupts cellular function
  36. What is the most common cause of death with paralytic toxicants?
    respiratory paralysis/failure/cessation/collapse
  37. What is the most common clinical sign associated with slaframine intoxication in horses?
    hypersalivation
  38. What is the most effective treatment for tick paralysis? What is the prognosis?
    Remove the ticks!  Amazing prognosis with treatment
  39. What is the name of the disease caused by Centauria repens? What species is affected?
    Horses, +/- buffalo.  Nigropallidal encephalomalacia, chewing disease
  40. What happens if you give a 0.02 mg/kg dose of atropine to a cat with pyrethrin toxicosis?
    Tachycardia, cessation of salivation
  41. What happens if you give a 0.02 mg/kg dose of atropine to a cat with methomyl toxicosis?
    nothing (only see a response with a LARGE dose)
  42. What is the purpose of fish mercury advisories?
    Prevent all-fish diet, prevent Hg toxicosis.  Don't eat too much (but some because it's good for you)
  43. Name some compounds that cause myelin edema.  What is the most commonly encountered in small animal practice and why?
    • Organotoxins: bromethalin because rodenticide.  bromethalin, dimethylin, trimethyltin, etc, cycas and zamia spp, lathyrus spp.  
    • Spongy degeneration of white matter, intramyelinic edema with little inflammation
  44. What organochlorine compound is used in mothballs?
    paradichlorobenzene
  45. What plants contain atropine-like compounds?
    • belladona, datura, brugmansia
    • jimsonweed, nightshade, henbane
  46. What species is most susceptible to d-limonene toxicosis?
    cats
  47. What species is most susceptible to fumonisin toxicosis?
    horses
  48. What was the source of mercury in Minimata Bay, Japan and what species were affected?
    chemical plant dumped methylmercury, cats and people mostly, also dogs, pigs, shellfish, fish
  49. When would you consider using intervenous lipid therapy?
    Moxidectin, ivermectin, pentobarbital, THC, SSRIs and other lipophilic compounds
  50. Why are animals that recover from locoism in danger of relapsing?
    yes, plant is addictive/aquired taste
  51. Why does anatoxin-a(s) cause strictly peripheral nervous signs and not central nervous signs?
    doesn't cross bbb
  52. Why does sodium toxicosis rarely occur in animals that have free access to water?
    Kidneys will correct imbalance with enough fluids – this is the tx anyway
  53. What toxidrome is associated with sympathomimetic drugs?
    • Agitation, sweating, mydriasis, tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia
    • THIRDS: tachycardia, hyperthermia, increased BP, restlessness, dilated pupils, sweating
  54. What toxidrome is associated with cholinergic drugs?
    SLUD – salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation DUMBBBELLS – defecation, urination, miosis, bradycardia, bronchorrhea, bronchospasm, emesis, lacrimation, lethargy, salivation
  55. What toxidrome is associated with anticholinergic drugs?
    Mydriasis, hyperthermia, flushed skin, sweating, urine retention or PUPD, GI atony, cardiac changes, circulatory failure, agitation, delirium, hallucinations, coma, tremors, seizures, pyrexia, paralysis, respiratory failure
  56. What are mechanisms that induce serotonin syndrome?
    Increased production, decreased reuptake, decreased breakdown, combination.  (SSRIs, TCAs, MOAIs)
  57. What xenobiotic interacts with CB1 receptors?
    cannabis satvia, contains tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
  58. what are sources of thiaminase affecting mink?
    all fish diet
  59. what is the purpose of atropine test dose?
    response (tachycardia) rules out exposure to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, suggests pyrethroid
  60. what is the treatment for life-threatening disease associated with parasympathetic plants or drugs?
    physostigmine
  61. what the is the treatment protocol for agents that inhibit AChE
    gastric lavage, AC/sorbitol, high doses of atropine sulfate (careful in horses), 2-PAM for OP, resp support, diazepam for sz
  62. An animal comes after being drenched in insecticide. What are some general considerations for dermal decontamination?
    hypothermia!  Dermal bath - clip long hair, dawn or dish detergent, PPE, avoid increased skin perfusion
  63. Arrange these in order of estimated LD50, from lowest to highest: baker’s chocolate, white chocolate, milk chocolate, dark chocolate, Oreo cookies.
    • white
    • oreo
    • milk
    • dark
    • baker's
  64. bait composed of green milo seed is generally associated with what toxicant?
    strychnine
  65. corn-based bait is commonly associated with what avicide?
    4-aminopyridine
  66. How are clinical signs from a Loxosceles spp bite different from signs of a Latrodectes spp bite?
    • Loxosceles (brown recluse): acute inflammation, thrombosis, hemorrhage, liquifactive necrosis (dermis, epidermis).  Hemoglobinuria, icterus around 1 week. 
    • Latrodectes (black widow): cramping and pain with minimal swelling, mostly systemic.  Abdominal rigidity, hypertension, tachycardia, ascending flaccid paralysis, death due respiratory failure.
  67. How are the clinical signs from an elapid bite different from the sings of a crotalid bite?
    • Crotalid (pit vipers): tissue destruction and necrosis (metalloproteinases), 
    • Elapid (coral snake): ascending flaccid paralysis, CNS
  68. How common is pyrethrin toxicosis in cats? What are the clinical signs and prognosis?
    mild.  Hypersalivation +/- diarrhea, vomiting, paresthesia.  Self-limiting.
  69. How do caterpillars cause abortion?
    Septic penetrating setal embolus: barbed setae migrate through intestine, distribute bacteria, areas without enough immune don't get enough to resolve.
  70. How do you differentiate a coral snake from a king snake?
    Red on black, venom lack, red on yellow, kill a fellow.
  71. How do you differentiate a crotalid from an elapid?
    • Pit in nose!  Crotalid have the triangular head and narrow eliptical pupil, retractable fangs
    • elapids have narrower head and round pupil.  Fixed fangs
  72. Penitrem A may be found in what types of food? What animals are most susceptible?
    Fungus, grows on cottage cheese, cream cheese, nuts and grains, compost piles.  Dogs.
  73. Under what circumstances do you use emetics and when should you use gastric lavage?
    • Emesis: recent or unknown time in asymptomatic, for products known to stay in stomach for a long time. No oily, corrosive, stable patient when P is not unconscious or seizing
    • Lavage: when emesis could cause FB obstruction, medical bezoar, drugs approaching LD50, or narrow margin of safety.  Corrosives, hydrocarbons, symptomatics, huge amounts, or underlying disease predisposing towards aspiration like lar par.
  74. What are some compounds associated with shellfish poisoning events?
    • saxitoxins: paralytic poisoning (reversible Na channel binding)
    • Brevetoxin: neurotoxic poisoning
  75. What are some important cathartics in veterinary practice?
    • Sorbitol, psyllium, canned pumpkin, mineral oil.  Used to reduce absorption by speeding rate of passage.
    • increase motility, decrease absorption
  76. What are some important emetics in veterinary practice?
    Hydrogen peroxide and apomorphine.  Xylazine or dexmedetomidine in cats.
  77. What are some of the limitations of the LD50 value?
    • Only true in 50%, can be very close to ED50, different in every animal and expensive to discover in many different species.
    • don't know shape of curve
  78. What are some possible side effects of antivenin therapy?
    Anaphylaxis, anaphylactoid response, serum sickness, relapse
  79. What are the clinical signs of permethrin toxicosis in cats? What is the prognosis?
    Hypersalivation, hyperesthesia, ataxia, incoordination, mydriasis, hiding, can move to life-threatening twitching, tremors, shaking, seizures, pyrexia.
  80. What are the common drugs used in seizure control and what are their limitations?
    Diazepam (can paradoxically exacerbate, rapid onset, short half-life), barbiturates (intubate/ventilate, give slow), propofol, phenothiazines, acepromazine or chlorpromazine (blocks dopaminergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors)
  81. What are the methylxanthines of veterinary importance?
    (adenosine antagonists). Coffee, caffeine tablets (diet pills and stimulants), chocolate, tea/guarana, cold meds, analgesics, etc.
  82. What are the most common clinical signs of toad poisoning?
    Hyperemic oral mucosa, neuro, arrhythmias, vocalization, anxiety, increased resp rate, vomiting, pawing at mouth, massive salivation
  83. What causes risus sardonicus?
    Glycine inhibition seizures (strychnine, calycanthus like allspice, gelsemium like jasmine, tetanus toxin)
  84. What does LD stand for?
    lethal dose
  85. What grasses are associated with staggers syndromes in cattle?
    Paspalum, bermuda grass, ryegrass, corn, crabgrass
  86. What is a mycotoxin?
    From a fungus, inhibits GABA and glycine
  87. What is enterohepatic cycling?
    Drugs that exit body via diffusing back into gut, then can be resorbed and returned to circulation multiple times
  88. What is methomyl used to control?
    insects
  89. What is the definition of toxicity?
    The degree to which a substance can damage an organism
  90. What is the definition of toxicosis?
    Pathological condition caused by action of a poison or toxin
  91. What is the most common cause of death associated with stinging insects?
    Anaphylaxis
  92. What is the most common cause of death due to toad poisoning?
    fatal arrhythmias
  93. what is the most important adsorbant in veterinary medicine?
    activated charcoal
  94. what organochlorine compound is used in mothballs?
    aryl hydrocarbons, paradichlorobenzene, mirex, kepone, napthalene
  95. which spider venom can be treated with antivenin?
    latrodectus/black widow
  96. After a single massive ingestion of iron, what clinical signs are expected?
    <6h = mucosal damage, gastroenteritis (+/- hemorrhagic), ulceration. Then latent/apparent recovery, then 12-96h hepatic failure (emesis, coagulopathy), CV failure, death.
  97. Differentiate phase I and phase II hepatic metabolism. What are important species differences in phase II hepatic metabolism?
    • Phase I – functionalization rxns including oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis; usu introduced or uncovered xenobiotic molecule allowing for easier conjugation w/ endogenous substrates during Phase II
    • Phase II – conjugative rxns; primarily responsible for detox
  98. If a dog ingested a large amount of xylitol containing chewing gum, what are the two major concerns?
    hypoglycemia, hepatic necrosis
  99. Is selenium toxicosis or selenium deficiency more common here?
    Selenium deficiency
  100. Name three important cyanobacterial toxins with different mechanisms of action.
    • Microcystin - inhibits protein phosphylation and dephosphorylation, ATP production
    • Nodularia - produce nodularin
    • Anabaena, oscillatoria - neurotoxins
  101. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids act by what mechanism? What lesions are associated with pyrrolizidine alkaloids?
    • Cells grow without dividing (increase RER, centrioles, megalocytosis in liver, some pulmonary damage), degeneration (cell necrosis, chronic fibrosis and regeneration, extrahepatic lesions)
    • Ascites, omental edema, gallbladder distension, hepatic lesions (centrilobular necrosis, portal and central venous fibrosus, bile duct proliferation, megalocytosis in horses)
  102. What is hemochromatosis and how is it different from hemosiderosis? What species are susceptible?
    • Hematochromatosis - iron storage disease causing liver failure (fruit-eating birds, mammals, hereditary in cattle, humans. Iatrogenic in dogs, ponies)
    • Hemosiderosis - iron storage with no liver damage.
  103. What is the most important hepatotoxic mycotoxin in the US?
    Aflatoxin
  104. What lesions are associated with aflatoxicosis? What disease is associated with aflatoxin ingestion in humans?
    Lesions: portal fibrosis, bile duct proliferation (mitotic figures), nodular regeneration, centrilobular lipidosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic lesions (lipidosis, centrilobular necrosis), multifocal hemorrhage (SI, body cavity) Schistosomiasis, hepatocellular carcinoma in humans
  105. What organ is affected by cycad ingestion in dogs? cattle?
    Dogs - hepatotoxic. Herbivores (+ humans) - neurotoxic
  106. What plants contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids?
    Senecio (jacobaea/tansy ragwort), crotalaria (rattlebox), cynoglossum, amsinckia, echium, heliotropium (heliotrope), borago, mertensia, myosotis, symphytum (comfrey), eupatorium, petasites
  107. What species have experienced liver failure due to overdose of joint supplements?
    Dogs and humans (manganese)
  108. Where does carboxyatractyloside come from and what does it do?
    • Xanthium spp., cockleburs
    • it inhibits adenosine nucleotide carrier in mitochondrial membrane, moves ADP into mitochondrion. Inhibits oxidative phosphorylation (ADP to ATP
  109. Why is aflatoxin important to the dairy industry?
    Metabolized to M1 that ends up in milk, FDA monitors for
  110. Why is the prognosis worse for dogs and cats that ingest hepatotoxic mushrooms than for humans?
    we don't do liver transplants in pets typically, also often harder to know for sure what they ate or when, notice signs later
  111. Name so euphorbs
    “snow on the mountain”, “crown of thorns”, candelabra cactus, pencil tree, poinsettia, etc.
  112. What are cyclooxygenases and what is their function?
    enzymes that mediate prostaglandin synthesis (vasodilation in kidney and stomach mucosa, decreased gastric acid secretion), induce cytokine expression (fever, inflammation, pain)
  113. What are the most common sources of arsenic for livestock?
    herbicides, burn piles/ash (treated wood), also mine waste, geothermal springs/aquifers
  114. What are the three major trichothecenes
    deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS)
  115. What cell types are most sensitive to radiation?  What are some toxicants that might target these cell types?
    rapidly dividing cells, metabolically active cells – i.e. hematopoietic cells, intestinal crypt cells, spermatogonia, granulosa cells, lymphocytes, epidermal basal cells, gastric and holocrine gland epithelium
  116. What clinical signs are associated with acute arsenic toxicosis?
    • peracute death
    • acute dz w/ abdominal pain, HGE, salivation, v, shock, ataxia, convulsions
    • chronic dz w/ ill thrift, anemia, integumentary lesions (uncommon in animals)
  117. What is the mechanism of action and clinical signs associated with euphorbol esters?
    • activate Protein Kinase C which stimulates protein phosphorylation
    • clinical signs: irritation of skin/mucosa, salivation, v/d
  118. What is the mechanism of action of ricin?
    radiomimetic. inhibits ribosomal function.
  119. What is the most common clinical sign associated with vomitoxin in swine?
    Feed refusal
  120. What is the toxic principle and mechanism of action of Phytolacca? What plants contain similar compounds?
    saponins solubilize lipid membranesSolanum (nightshade), Phytolacca (pokeweed), Ilex (holly), Hedera helix (English ivy), etc…
  121. What lesions are associated with NSAID toxicosis?  How do they differ between species?
    • GI erosions, ulcers, perforations. renal necrosis.
    • horses susc. to mucosal necrosis of R dorsal colon, decrease in plasma albumin, neutropenia, and renal papillary necrosis
    • birds get gout
  122. What plants contain toxalbumins or lectins?
    Ricinus communis, Abrus precatorius, Phoradendron spp (mistletoe)
  123. What types of toxins must be considered when a dog gets into the kitchen garbage?
    • mycotoxins – Penitrem
    • organisms assoc. w/ bacterial food poisoning: Clostridium, Bacillus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Salmonella
  124. Why do you have to be careful when prescribing antibiotics to animals with well-developed post-gastric fermentation?
    disturbances of gastric bacteria colic
  125. A certain disease condition is associated with black walnut trees, but only under very specific conditions. Explain
    • fresh shaving less than a month old cause depression, edema of limbs, acute laminitis in horses
    • in dogs it causes vomiting, lethargy and generalized hind limb weakness
  126. Name some important ionophores in veterinary medicine. What are they used for?
    • Monensin, Lasalocid, Salinomycin…
    • antibiotics, coccidiostats/growth promoters premixed in livestock feed, produced by some bacteria
  127. Name some sources of cardiac glycosides
    • Plants: Oleandrin, yellow oleander, digitoxin, lilies of the valley, dogbane, milkweed, pheasant’s eye, Kalanchoe
    • fireflies
  128. There are at least five problems associated with cottonseed. What are they?
    • interferes w/ cardiac conductance
    • creates ROS
    • decreases fertility: damages spermatogenic epithelium, suppresses progesterone and estradiol
    • binds nutrients (iron, lysine)
    • causes impactions
  129. What are some differential diagnoses for white streaking of the myocardium in horses?
    Cottonseed toxicosis, Anthraquinone toxicosis
  130. What are the toxic principles of Taxus spp? Which is of veterinary importance?
    taxine blocks Na/Ca channels depressing depolarization, prolonging AV conductance and slowing atrial/ventricular rate
  131. What do Veratrum spp and Zygadenus spp have in common?
    both have veratrum alkaloids, which are Na+ channel potentiators
  132. What is an endophyte?
    symbiotic fungus that grows inside grass cells
  133. What is the "antidote" for ingestion of cardiac glycoside containing plants? What other biotoxin can this "antidote" be used for?
    Digibind, can also be used for digoxin overdose
  134. What is the mechanism of action of cardiac glycosides?
    • inhibit membrane Na/K/ATPase accumulation of Na, loss of K inhibition of Na/Ca channels
    • positive inotropic effects decreased vagal tone, decreased cardiac conduction, arrhythmias, asystole
  135. What is the most common presentation of an animal that has ingested Taxus spp?
    unexpected death
  136. What lesions are associated with ionophore toxicosis?
    • sometimes none due to rapid onset
    • cardiac myonecrosis (pulmonary edema and ascites, passive hepatic congestion)
    • skeletal muscle necrosis
    • delayed axonal degeneration
  137. What plants contain grayanotoxins? What is the mechanism of action of grayanotoxins?
    • Rhododendron, Kalmia spp., Pieris spp.
    • Na/Ca channel potentiators
  138. What species are most susceptible to ionophore toxicosis?
    Horses
  139. What syndromes are associated with ergot and fescue?
    gangrene (secondary to peripheral vasoconstriction), hyperthermia (inability to vasodilate if too warm), reproductive disorders (agalactia, dystocia, abortion, etc.), nervous disorders
  140. What type of toxin is present in Nerium oleander?
    cardiac glycoside
  141. How are skin lesions associated with strong acids different from those associated with strongly alkaline compounds?
    acids cause superficial coagulative necrosis; bases cause deep liquefactive necrosis
  142. How do dishwasher pods cause respiratory distress in children?  Why are dogs less susceptible?
    • in children pressurized detergent shoots down trachea, causing pulmonary irritation, edema and secondary pneumonia
    • in dogs pressurized detergent shoots down esophagus, causing vomiting, ulcers, perforation and strictures oral/GI signs usu. less severe than resp. signs
  143. How do you treat clinical signs associated with Urtica spp?
    antihistamines
  144. Insoluble oxalate toxicosis is more common in which species?
    more common in cats and dogs (all spp. susceptible)
  145. Is selenium toxicosis or selenium deficiency more common here?
    Deficiency
  146. Is there likely to be significant overt mortality if PCBs are accidentally substituted for an ingredient in cattle feed?
    usu. cases of chronic toxicosis
  147. Name some causes of primary photosensitization. Name some causes of secondary photosensitization.
    • primary: plants ingested that are high in fluorescent pigments pigments are absorbed through GI/skin and react w/ UV light (St. John’s wort, buckwheat, turnips, plants in carrot family, phenothiazines, thiazides)
    • secondary: cholestasis creates an inability to excrete phylloerythrin (the photoactive pigment from chorophyll), which then leaks into circulation and reacts w/ UV (things causing biliary obstruction: Panicum spp., Agave spp., Nolina spp., some mycotoxins)
  148. What are idioblasts?
    cells of Araceae plants that release insoluble calcium oxalate crystals when mechanically disturbed
  149. What are raphides?
    insoluble calcium oxalate crystals released from Araceae plants
  150. What are some important photoactive compounds?
    phenothiazines, thiazides
  151. What are the common names associated with selenium deficiency?
    white muscle disease (ruminants, horses), mulberry heart disease (swine), exudative diathesis (chicks)
  152. What clinical signs and lesions are associated with selenium toxicosis in birds?
    emaciation, loss of feather and claws, coelomic effusion, hepatic necrosis and fibrosis, teratogenesis
  153. What clinical signs are associated with photosensitization?
    skin erythema/edema (mostly in non-pigmented areas, teats, udder, areas w/ less hair), sloughing/crusting
  154. What is "big head" disease in sheep?
    secondary photosensitization from biliary obstruction
  155. What is alkali disease?
    chronic selenosis from ingestion of seleniferous plants. most common in cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, poultry. causes lameness, hoof deformities, alopecia, achromotrichia
  156. What is the common name associated with 2,3,7,8-TCDD?
    PHAH
  157. What is the MOA of molybdenum?
    complexes w/ Cu in tissues after absorption results in signs of Cu deficiency despite adequate Cu levels
  158. 18.     What lesion is associated with ingestion of Vicia villosa?
    eosinophilic granulomas in the dermis, adrenal glands, myocardium, renal cortex, etc.
  159. Why do lithium batteries sometimes cause esophageal performations?
    batteries that are ingested can become lodged in the esophagus, leak, alkaline compounds cause corrosive injury to the mucosa
  160. How does smoke inhalation cause injury?
    thermal injury to URT, aspiration from GIT. Inflammation (edema, neutrophil chemotaxis, secretions, exudates, sloughing, airway resistance), bronchospasm, vasospasm, denatured surfactant, cerebral anoxia (poor oxy, COHb, ischemia)
  161. PTFE (Teflon®) toxicosis is most important in which species? What is the presenting complaint?
    Birds! Usually found dead. Could be severe resp distress.
  162. What are common clinical presentations associated with elevated ammonia concentrations in an animal's environment?
    avoidance, increased resp infections, keratoconjunctivits, nasal d/c, lacrimation, coughing, decreased feed intake.
  163. What are some asphyxiant gases?
    CO2, CH4, N2, He, O2
  164. What are some things to consider when examining an animal that was in a house fire?
    type of fire? Able to move away? Enclosed area? Duration? Substances that burned? CO or CN /MetHb vs COHb? Abx and dehydration from burns
  165. What are the different MOA for salicylate?
    inhibit COX, direct GIT irritation, uncouples oxidative phosphorylation
  166. What causes atypical interstitial pneumonia?
    3-methyl imidazole (green forage), perilla ketone (purple mint), 4-ipomeanol (sweet potatoes with fusarium solani), peanut hay. Metabolize to active in lungs, reactive compound causes necrosis of clara, decreased surfactant, emphysema.
  167. What causes bronchiolitis fibrosa obliterans and what is the common name of this condition?
    popcorn lung, irritant gasses/diacetyl
  168. What clinical signs are expected in a dog that has ingested hops?
    marked hyperthermia, restlessness, tense abdomen, bright red mm, whimpering, increased RR and HR, sz and apnea.
  169. What is compound 1080?
    fluoroacetate (commercial rodenticide, no longer used)
  170. What is the difference between a simple asphyxiant and a chemical asphyxiant?
    • A SIMPLE ASPHYXIANT does not allow oxygen to be transferred to the cells. Examples are: Carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane, and nitrogen.
    • A CHEMICAL ASPHYXIANT prevents the uptake of oxygen by the cells.
  171. What is the major problem associated with oil spills in cattle? aquatic animals?
    • cattle: aspiration pneumonia.
    • Birds: hypothermia.
  172. What is the mechanism of action of carbon monoxide?
    competes with O2 for hemoglobin, shifts O2 dissociative curve left. Binds myoglobin.
  173. What is the mechanism of action of cyanide? How does it compare to hydrogen sulfide?
    absorbed in resp, GI (rumen). Blood can't release O2, hypoxia. H2S inhibits cytochrome oxidase aa3. Irritates mucosal and causes ROS, stim carotid body chemoreceptors to stim hyperpnea, then direct paralysis of resp centers.
  174. What lesions are associated with paraquat ingestion? How can this be differentiated from diquat?
    Mostly pulmonary: early edema and hemorrhage (epithelial necrosis, denuded basement membrane), pulmonary fibrosis (firm parenchyma, failure to deflate, type II pneumocyte proliferation, pneumomediastinum), renal PCT epithelial necrosis
  175. What minerals produce gill lesions in fish?
    zinc, copper
  176. What plants contain cyanogenic glycosides?
    prunasin, amygdalin (Laetrile), rarely in hay.
  177. What samples should be collected if you suspect nitrate toxicosis in cattle?
    rumen contents, serum, FREEZE ASAP. Note ammonia odor.
  178. What species is susceptible to Acer rubrum toxicosis?
    horses (red maple)
  179. What two toxins may cause "cherry red blood"?
    CO or CN
  180. Why would an animal present with a high body temperature after ingesting a compound that uncouples oxidative phosphorylation?
    ATP no longer made, products go to heat
  181. How do you treat acetaminophen toxicosis?
    Emetics, gastric lavage, AC, sorbitol. Give N-acetylcystine, S-adenosine methionine, sodium sulfate or silymarin. NOT CORTICOSTEROIDS
  182. How is acetaminophen toxicosis different in cats versus humans?
    Cats can't glucuronidate, can't metabolize or get rid of.
  183. How is copper storage disease different in sheep than in dogs?
    • Sheep: acute onset after stress, port-wine urine, icterus. Store copper forever, sudden stress causes some hepatic damage, released, starts attacking.
    • Dogs: chronic liver failure, anorexia, hepatic encephalopathy, rarely icterus. Late ascites, occasional renal failure. CHRONIC liver failure
  184. What are some toxic agents that affect bone growth and metabolism?
    Fluoride, vitamin A, Cadmium, ODAP (Lathyrus app), excessive vitaminosis D
  185. What breeds of dog are susceptible to copper storage disease?
    Bedlington terriers, labradors, west highland whites, dalmatians, (Doberman, skye?)
  186. What causes "chocolate brown blood"?
    Methemoglobinemia, oxidized blood (nitrate/nitrite, chlorate, acetominophen, naphthalene, local anesthetic (lidocaine, benzocaine), brassica app
  187. What clinical pathology findings are expected with onion ingestion?
    Heinz bodies, regenerative anemia, hemoglobinuria, metabolic acidosis, decreased glutathione in RBC. Hypoxia due to hemolysis.
  188. What common mineral is associated with pancreatic fibrosis in birds?
    Zinc
  189. What common plants are in the Brassicaceae family, and what are some toxicologic problems associated with them?
    • B. Nigra, B juncea, B napus (rape, canola, rutabaga), B rapa (turnip), B oleracea (kale, cabbage, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kohlrabi cauliflower, collards
    • Glycosinolates - inhibits iodine uptake by thyroid, oxidizes hemoglobin, hepatic necrosis and GI irritation (isothiocyanate)
  190. What enzyme does the mycotoxin dicoumarol inhibit? What else inhibits this enzyme?
    Vitamin K epoxide reductase. Warfarin, brodifacoum, bromadiolone, difethialone, biphacinone
  191. What important group of compounds in veterinary toxicology acts by inhibition of vitamin K epoxide reductase?
    Anticoagulants
  192. What is a possible cause of enamel hypoplasia?
    Chronic fluorosis
  193. What is the most common cause of "gun metal kidney" in sheep?
    Copper toxicosis, copper storage disease
  194. What is the treatment for brodifacoum toxicosis? How is this different for treatment for warfarin toxicosis?
    Vitamin K therapy (in high fat meal for dogs and cats). Alfalfa hay if you feed every day. Transfusions if necessary, emetics early, AC early. Warfarin can be treated for less time
  195. Why are cattle more susceptible to nitrate toxicosis than horses?
    Because they have a rumen: rumen metabolizes to NO2- from NO3-
  196. Why is nitrate a more common problem in hay than cyanide?
    Wilting and rumination increase release of CN- but apple seeds need to be fresh. Nitrite is in dried plants
  197. Why is zinc toxicosis common in small animals?
    Pennies! Ingestion
  198. Why would you avoid using vitamin K3 to treat diphacinone toxicosis in a horse
    It will kill the horse
  199. Which plants contain soluble oxalates? Which plants contain insoluble oxalates?
    • soluble: Beets, rheum rhaponticum (rhubarb), rumex, halogeton, sarcobatus vermiculatus
    • insoluble: nettles, tulips, hyacinths, narcissus, araceae (dieffenbachia, philodendron, elephant's ear, calla, skunk cabbage, peace lillies), clover.
  200. Which is more toxic to dogs and cats:  ethanol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, or methanol?
    ethylene glycol
  201. What times of year does oak toxicosis occur and why?
    Buds in spring, acorns in fall.  Eaten when regular forage is scarce.  Young parts of plant and acorns most toxic, older leaves are less palatable
  202. What species and organs are affected by lily ingestion and what species is affected?
    Kidney (PCT mitochrondrial damage).  Cats, possile nephrosis in cattle?
  203. What species and organs are affected by grape ingestion and what species is affected?
    Dogs, +/- cats and ferrets.  Kidney (PCT), arthritis, +/- pancreatitis
  204. What lesions are associated with Epicauta spp?  What domestic animals are most likely to be affected?
    Birds, horses.  Mucosal blistering and ulceration (oral, esophagus, GIT mucosa, urinary bladder), myocardial changes (necrosis, degeneration)
  205. What is the most common mycotoxin affecting the kidneys?
    Ochratoxin
  206. What is the major toxic principle of Cestrum diurnum?
    1,25-dihydroxy-vitaminD-glycoside, solanum malaxylon
  207. What is the cause of death in antifreeze toxicosis?
    Renal failure
  208. What feed type is associated with cantharidin contamination?
    Alfalfa hay, crushed into hay.
  209. What factors aid in the diagnosis of ethylene glycol toxicosis?
    History, clinical signs, (black light on urine except in cats), oxalate crystals in urine, osmolal gap, anion gap.  Renal ultrasound ("halo sign" = corticomedullary echogenicity), anyalysis in blood or urine, cross-react with propylene glycol, glycerol.
  210. What enzyme is inhibited by fomepizole?
    Alcohol dehydrogenase
  211. What are the stages of ethylene glycol toxicosis, and why are there different stages of this toxicosis?
    • Stage I: CNS signs (inebriation), PUPD, dehydration.  Apparent recovery.
    •  Stage II, 8-24h later: acidosis and cardiac changes
    • Stage III, 12-72h: oliguric renal failure.  
    • Stages due to metabolism from EG eventually to calcium oxylate, formate and hippuric acid.
  212. What are some differential diagnoses for white streaking of the myocardium in horses?
    Cantharidin, white muscle disease/selenium deficiency
  213. What adulterant was associated with the largest pet food recall in US history?
    Melamine
  214. Soluble oxalate toxicosis is more likely to occur in which species? Insoluble oxalate toxicosis is more common in which species?
    • Soluble in herbivores
    • insoluble in dogs (cattle resistant)
  215. Quercus spp and Amaranthus spp cause similar renal lesions and perirenal edema. What are the toxic principles?
    unknown!!!
  216. How is ethylene glycol ingestion treated in different species? What is the prognosis?
    • Early emetics, ethanol or fomepizole treatment, fluid diuresis, hemodialysis (not with fomepazole), symptomatic and supportive
    • Fomepizole for dogs, HIGH dose in cats.  Ethanol is cheaper but makes CNS depression worse, riskier.  Early treatment improves prognosis, late treatment, acidosis, severe base deficit, increased venous PO2 or coma are bad prognoses.
  217. Differentiate the mechanism of action of soluble oxalates versus insoluble oxalates.
    • soluble: acute renal failure
    • insoluble: crystals penetrate tissues, cause pain, swelling.
  218. Differentiate metastatic and dystrophic mineralization. What toxin causes metastatic mineralization?
    • Metastatic: calcium concentrates in mitochrondria of injured cells.  Kidney, GI, skeletal muscle, vasculature, ligaments. Caused by cholecalciferol 
    • Dystrophic mineralization: more localized, Ca in necrotic tissues.
  219. Boric acid toxicosis affects what organ systems?
    GI, kidneys
  220. What plants may cause abortion in livestock
    Nitrate containing plants, astragalus, chronic Gutierrezia, pinus, cupressus macrocarpa, junipers communis, Iva angustifolia
  221. What mycotoxin mimics estrogen? What type of fungus produces it?
    Zearalanol, from fusarium
  222. What is a major cause of hyperestrogenism in small animals?
    CHRONIC contact (exogenous from O's supplements)
  223. What do Veratrum spp and Zygadenus spp have in common?
    cardiotoxins
  224. What are some xenobiotics, nutrients, and elements that have been associated with teratogenic effects in domestic animals?
    Griseofulvin, vitamin A, corticosteroids, selenium, mercury, halogenated aromatics
  225. What are some plants that have been associated with teratogenesis in domestic animals?
    Veratrum californicum, nicotiana, Conium maculata, lupine said, astragalus, oxytropis, lathyrus, sorghum
  226. What are some of the problems associated with legume forage?
    • phytoestrogens, slaframine, cyanogenic glycosides, saponins, phytobezoars
    • decrease LH, FSH and progesterone, prevent ovulation, negative feedback for estrogen.  
    • Decreased serum testosterone, testicular atrophy, feminization
  227. If Veratrum californicum is ingested by the ewe on the 14th day of gestation, what happens?
    Cyclopes, anencephaly, jaw defects
Author
XQWCat
ID
328405
Card Set
Tox final
Description
toxicology Qs
Updated

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