Exam - Short

• Systems test
• User specifications
• Conversion
• Systems survey
• Technical specifications
• Post-implementation planning
• Implementation planning
• User procedures and training
• Programming

Conversion completion documentation indicating that all previously existing files have been converted at a satisfactory level of quality.

Operating test documentation indicating that the converted files are able to support the volume of work in the application.

Application approval documentation indicating that the implemented system had proper user and EDP management approval.

Term used to describe the exponential growth and availability of data (structured and unstructured).

All-encompassing term for any collection of data sets so large or complex that it becomes difficult to process them using traditional data processing applications (the challenge includes analysis, capture, curation, search, sharing, storage, transfer, visualisations and privacy violations).

Business Intelligence and analytics to take advantage of the data they own.

Data mining and predictive analysis could provide a competitive advantage to an organisation (they rapidly analyse large amounts of data, often within a real-time window).

Visualisation tools (dashboards) positively impact business decision making.

• - Unprocessed, raw information
• - Large quantity
• - Unsorted, ungrouped, not meaningful

• - Summarised
• - Sorted, grouped into meaningful categories of groupings

• Relevant
• Reliable
• Timely
• Accessible
• Valid
• Complete
• Understandable
• Existence
• Measurable
• Verifiable

Role of system documentation as a tool for system process design, maintenance and operation.

Role in capturing the knowledge of designers and keeping it within the organisation, allowing future users to get an understanding of the logic behind the system.

Role as a control tool for internal and external auditors, allowing them to gain an understanding of how the system is configured and the operation controls within the process.

• Systems Flowchart
• - Logical representation of system inputs, processes and outputs.
• - Useful in systems analysis and design.

• Data Flow Diagrams
• - Graphically describe the flow of data within a system (entity, data flow, process, data store)
• - Context, Level-0, Level-1

• Context
• - Highest level
• - Shows inputs and outputs into system
• - one process symbol only, no data stores

• Level-0
• - Shows all major activity steps of a system
• - Processes are labelled 1.0, 2.0, 3.0...

• Level-1
• - Shows one major activity, divided into sub-activities
• - Processes are labelled 1.1, 1.2, 1.3...

• Flowcharts
• - Use symbols to logically depict transaction processing and the data through a system (Input/Output, Processing, Storage, Miscellaneous)
• - Pictorial representation is easier to understand and narrate than a narrative.

• Document
• - Illustrates the flow of documents through an organisation.
• - Useful for analysing internal control procedures.

• System
• - Logical representation of system inputs, processes and outputs.
• - Useful in systems analysis and design.

• Program
• - Represent the logical sequence of program logic.

No one form of documentation is sufficient on its own.

Each document complements each other by providing a comprehensive view of the operations of a process within an organisation.

• Client computer
• Server computer
• Network Interfaces (NIC's)
• Connection medium
• Network operating system
• Hub or switch

• - 100's of Local Area Networks linked to firm-wide corporate network
• - Various powerful servers (website, intranet, extranet, backend systems)
• - Mobile wireless LAN's (Wi-Fi)
• - Videoconferencing system
• - Wireless cell phones

Facilitates computing on all kinds of networks, including the internet.

Instead of one huge mainframe with individual nodes, smaller computers called servers connect to many clients.

• Local Area Network
• - wireless
• - Users gain access to common hardware, software, computer files and each other.

• Wide Area Network
• - Regional, national and/or global
• - Communication channels (leased phone lines, microwave transmitters, satellite transmissions)
• - Organisations may use public carriers (Internet, 3rd party) instead of maintaining their own WAN.

• Virtual Private Network
• - Private network linked using a secure 'tunnel' connection over the internet
• - Encodes data, 'wraps' them within the Internet Protocol (IP)
• - 'Wrapping' creates a private connection which travels through the public internet.

• Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP)
• - Internet telephones run on existing internal data networks and the internet.
• - cheaper, mobility (phone and service portability), rich media access.

• Wi-Fi
• - Creates wireless Ethernet network (access hubs and receiver cards in PC's, phones, PDA's)
• - Broadband wireless
• - Hotspots (weak security)

• - Tags are small microchips containing product information
• - Better than barcodes, no line-of-sight needed
• - Transmit data via radio frequencies to computers to track the product

• Active
• - Battery powered, data can be rewritten, longer read range, shorter operational life.

• Passive
• - No power source, smaller, lighter, cheaper, unlimited operational life, shorter read range.

Moving data storage from in-house servers to a 3rd party service provider with centralised servers for many clients.

Entire operating systems and software can be moved to 'the cloud', users can connect via internet connection.

• - The protocol enabling communications on the internet.
• - It creates what is called a packet-switching network. When a message is ready to be sent over the internet, the TCP breaks it up into small packets.
• - Each packet is then given a header, which contains the destination address, and the packets are then sent individually over the inter- net.
• - The IP uses the information in the packet header to guide the packets so that they arrive at the proper destination.
• - Once there, the TCP reassembles the packets into the original message.

- Eliminate the repetition of data and the incidence of inconsistent data by ensuring that data is structured so that it is only stored in one location

- Allows data sharing across the organisation and provides the foundation on which any database can be developed

- Incidence if errors is reduced considerably by independent data structures, with only one location for entering and manipulating data.

- Program maintenance is reduced because there is only one centrally located point, the DBMS, that requires reprogramming for all data.

- Speed and flexibility with which the organisation can prepare information that is crucial to decision making is increased.

"Always use HTTPS" for frequently used websites, or those asking for credentials.

Turn off sharing

Keep WiFi off when not needed

Cross functional inter-enterprise system that uses technology to support and manage the flow of materials, information, money and services from suppliers, through manufacturing processes, warehouses to the end customers.

Creates a fast, efficient and low cost network of business relationships, or supply chain, to get a company's products from concept to market.

Specialised software systems designed to help an organisation manage, and capitalise on customer relationships.

Identify and target those customers who are most profitable (or show potential to be profitable), so they can be retained as loyal customers in the anticipation they will use greater and more profitable services into the future.

System Analysis

Conceptual Design

Physical Design

Implementation and Conversion

Operations and Management

(cycle)

Information about system needs, costs and so on are gathered

Gather system/user requirements

Concepts are translated into detailed specifications

New hardware and software are installed and tested.

Employees are hired and trained or existing employees relocated

Processing procedures are tested and modified

Standards and controls for the new system are established and system documentation completed

New system is periodically reviewed

Modifications are made as problems arise or as new needs become evident.

• Economic
• Technical
• Legal
• Scheduling
• Operational

• Fear
• Lack of top management support
• Lack of communication
• Disruptive nature of change
• Methods of instituting change
• Biases and emotions
• Personal characteristics and background