A&P 2 Endocrine System

How does the endocrine system influence metabolic activity?

What are hormones?

Hormones travel through the _____.

Hormonal responses last less compared to nervous responses?

T or F
True False

Hormones molecules control and integrate the following processes: 

Reproduction 
Growth and Development 

What other 3 are mentioned in the text?

Hormones molecules control and integrate the following processes:

Maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of the blood.
Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy metabolism
Mobilization of body defenses

Name the other 2 mentioned in the text.

Endocrine organs are widely scattered about the body.

T or F
True False

What are the two types of glands?

Which of the 2 types of glands have ducts that carry substances to a membrane surface?

Which of the 2 types of glands produce non-hormonal substances, such as saliva and sweat?

Which of the 2 types of glands are considered ductless and produce hormones?

Which of the 2 types of glands release hormones into the surrounding tissue, typically highly vascular and lymphatic drainage that receives their hormones?

The ____, along with its neural function, produce and releases hormones.

The hypothalamus is considered a ______ organ.

Endocrine glands include . . .

Hormones are ____-distance chemical signals that travel in blood and lymph throughout the body.

Autocrine and paracrines, on the other hand, are _____- distance signals.

What are chemicals that exert their effects on the same cells that secrete them?

Certain prostaglandins released by smooth muscle cells cause those smooth muscle cells to contract. 

These chemicals are an example of what?

What chemical acts locally (within the same tissue) but affects cell types other than those releasing the ____ chemicals?

The chemical structure of the hormone determines one critical property of a hormone: . . .

A hormone's water solubility affects what 3 things?

A variety of hormone can be classified as either ____ or ____ based.

Most hormones are ___ based.

What hormone base are water soluble and cannot cross the plasma membrane?

Peptides are ___ chains of amino acids

What hormone based are synthesized from cholesterol?

Only ___ and ___ hormones are steroid based. These hormones are all lipid ____ and ___ cross the plasma membrane.

Some researchers add a third class (apart from amino and steroid based), ______, which contain _____ and _____. Nearly all cell membranes release these biologically active lipids (made from arachidonic acid).

____ (eicosanoids) are signaling chemicals that mediate inflammation and some allergic reactions.

____ (eicosaniods) have multiple targets and effects, ranging from raising blood pressure and increasing the expulsive uterine contractions of birth to enhancing blood clotting, pain, and inflammation

Hormones influence the activity of only . . .

Tissue cells that have specific receptors for a hormone are called

Hormones bring about their characteristic effects by ___ target cell activity, increasing or decreasing the rates of normal cellular processes.

The precise response of a hormone depends on the ____ type.

For example, epinephrine in smooth muscle causes contraction, but in contact with other cell types has a different effect.

A hormone typically produces one or more of the following changes: 

Alters . . . 
Stimulates synthesis of enzymes and other proteins within the cell
Activates or deactivates _____.
Induces secretory activity
Stimulates mitosis

A hormone typically produces one or more of the following changes: 

Alters plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential, or both, by opening or closing ion channels
Stimulates . . .
Activates or deactivates enzymes.
Induces secretory activity
Stimulates ____

How a hormone communicates with a target cell depends on the chemical nature of the hormone and the cellular location of the receptor. In general, hormones act at receptors in one of two ways: 

They are either ____ or _____ soluble hormones.

All amino acid-based hormones except thyroid hormone is ____-soluble.

What type of soluble hormone acts on receptors in the plasma membrane?

Steroid based and thyroid hormone are ____-soluble hormones.

What type of soluble hormones act on receptors inside the cell, which directly activate genes?

Concerning water soluble hormones, its receptors are usually coupled via regulatory molecules called _____ to one or more intracellular second messengers which mediate the target cell's response.

With the exception of thyroid hormone, amino acid-based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular _______ generated when a hormone binds to a receptor in the plasma membrane.

What three plasma membrane components are required for the cAMP signaling mechanism?

Cyclic AMP: 

1.Hormone Binds receptor
2. ___________________
3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase 
4. ___________________
5. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases.

Cyclic AMP: 

1. ___________________
2.Receptor activates G protein 
3. ___________________ 
4. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP
5. ___________________

During cAMP, step 1, the hormone, acting as the _____, binds to its receptor in the plasma membrane.

During cAMP, Hormone binding causes the receptor to change ____, allowing it to bind a nearby inactive _____.

During cAMP, the G protein is activated as the _____ bound to it is displaced by the high energy compound _______. The G protein behaves like a light switch: It is "___" when GDP is bound to it, and "___" when GTP is bound.

During cAMP, step 3, the activated G protein binds to the effector enzyme _____.

During cAMP, step 3, Some G proteins ___ and others (G^1)____ adenylate cyclase. Eventually, the GTP bound to the G protein is _____ to GDP and the G protein becomes _____ once again.

During cAMP, step 4, for as long as activated G^s is bound to it, adenylate cyclase generates . . .

During cAMP, step 5, cAMP, which is free to diffuse throughout the cell, triggers a cascade of chemical reactions by activating _____.

During cAMP, step 5, what is protein kinases?

The sequence of reactions set in motion by cAMP depends on _____, _____, and _____.

The action of cAMP persists only briefly because of the molecule is rapidly degraded by the intracellular enzyme ______.

Like the cAMP signaling mechanism, the PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism involves a G protein (G^q) and a membrane-bound effector in this case an enzyme called ______.

In PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism, phospholipase C splits a plasma membrane phospholipid called ____. into two second messengers: _____ (DAG) and ____ (IP^3). DAP, like cAMP, activates a protein kinase enzyme, which triggers responses within the target cell. In addition, IP^3 releases Ca^2+ from intracellular storage sites. 

In PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism, the liberated Ca+ also takes on a second-messenger role, either by directly altering the activity of specific enzymes and channels or by binding to the intracellular regulatory protein _____. Once Ca+ binds to ____,it activates enzymes that amplify the cellular response.

Lipids, hormone-like, not true hormones because act as paracrines and autocrines

What does this describe?

Transport proteins (albumins and globulins)

–steroids and thyroid hormone are hydrophobic and must bind to transport proteins for transport
–____ hormone - hormone attached to transport protein, (half-life hours to weeks, protects from enzymes and kidney filtration)
–only ____ hormone can leave capillary to reach target cell (half-life a few minutes)

During cAMP, 


–Hormone receptor, G protein, and ____
–Determine ____ levels of cAMP

Hormones that act via ____ mechanisms

–Epinephrine, ACTH, FSH, LH, Glucagon, PTH, TSH, Calcitonin

Target cells form more receptors to a hormone when blood levels of the hormone rise

What is it?

What targets cells lose receptors in response to high hormone concentrations?

One hormone may effect the affinity of other hormones

T or F
True False

One hormone requires another to be fully effective

–More than one hormone producing the same effect

–Is amplified

–hormones that have opposite actions as each other

–May compete for receptors, use different metabolic pathways, cause down-regulation

Hormonal Stimulus 

1)The ______ sectrets hormones that 
2)stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete hormones that 
3)stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormone such as _____,_____, and ____)

Hypothalamus 


Shaped like a flattened funnel, forms floor and walls of ____ventricle
Regulates primitive functions from ____ balance to sex drive
Regulates many functions carried out by ____ gland

Posterior pituitary is part of the brain


Downgrowth of _____
Connected to hypothalamus via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal (hi”po-fiz’-e-al) tract
A nerve bundle
Runs through the infundibulum

Supraopic neurons secrete

Paraventricular nuclei secrete

1)Hypothalamic neurons synthesize ____ and _____.
2)They are transported along the ______ tract to the posterior pituitary gland
3)They are stored in the ______ in the pos. pituitary gland
4)They are released into the blood when the hypothalamic neurons fire.

1)When appropriately stimulated, hypothalamic neurons secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones into the ______.
2.)Hypothalamic hormones travel through the ____ to the anterior pituitary where they stimulate or inhibit release of hormones from the anterior pituitary.
3)Anterior pituitary hormones are secreted into the ____.

FSH

LH

ACTH

PRL

ADH

Oxytocin

Growth Hormone


Targets liver to produce somatomedins ­ _____ mitosis + cellular differentiation for tissue growth

–protein synthesis
mRNA translated, ­ DNA transciption for ­ mRNA production
enhances amino acid transport into cells, ¯ catabolism

Growth Hormone 

–lipid metabolism

Growth Hormone 

–Carbohydrate metabolism

Growth Hormone 

–Electrolyte balance

Growth Hormone

Diabetes Mellitus
s/s?