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What is FSIS?
the public health agency in the USDA responsible for ensuring that meat, poultry, and processed egg products are safe, wholesome, and accurately labelled.
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Milk sanitation program.
Pasteurized Milk Ordinance (PMO)
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Describe the PMO.
- legal rules that define the standards that pertain to production, transportation, and processing of Grade A milk [from milking barn to water supply, methods of sanitation, and drug and chemical control]
- national standard- voluntarily adopted by all 50 states- enforcement is by local authorities (FDA only regulates interstate transport)
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Describe grade A milk.
- only milk that can be sold as fluid milk, cottage cheese, and yogurt
- produced on farm under the guidelines of PMO
- 98% of milk produced in the USA
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Describe manufacturing grade milk.
- not produced under PMO (weaker sanitary requirements)
- can only be used for hard cheese, butter, and milk powder
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What are the PMO guidelines? (5)
- cooling <45 degrees F within 2 hours of milking
- <100k bacterial colonies/mL
- <750 coliform colonies/mL
- no positive results for antibiotics
- <750k SCC
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Describe the inspection process for the PMO.
- farms inspected at least once every 6 months
- every farm to processor must have a permit
- farm milk is checked at least 4 times during 6 consecutive months for bacterial, SCC, cooling, temp, and drugs
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Describe what happens when antibiotics are found in the milk.
- confirmatory test first
- if confirmatory test is positive, milk is removed from market
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What are the goals of pasteurization? (2)
- public health: to destroy pathogenic microorganisms present in milk
- quality: to enhance the shelf life of milk and milk products (destroy spoilage organisms)
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What is the current standard for the pasteurization of milk?
the time and temperature it takes to eliminate Coxiella (Q fever agent) in milk- this is out reference point (was originally Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
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What are the 3 main temperature-time references for pasteurization of milk?
- 145 degrees F for 30s
- 161 degrees F for 15s
- 280 degrees F for 2s
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What are potential organisms that can cause disease by drinking raw milk? (5)
- Campylobacter
- Shiga-toxin E. coli
- Salmonella
- Coxiella
- Rabies
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What law required the USDA to develop national standards for organically produced agricultural products?
Organic Foods Production Act (OFPA)
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USDA organic label can only be used if...
- 100% organic- single ingredient, organically produced
- organic- multiple ingredient foods which are 95-100% organically produced
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What are the types of food irradiation?
- ionizing radiation: gamma, electronic, X-ray
- gamma- inexpensive, lots of regulations, large frozen blocks of meat
- electron beam- expensive, not as much regulation, limited penetration, occupational safety concerns, consumer preferred
- Xray- expensive, limited penetration, less regulation, occupational issues
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FDA approves irradiation for...
all foods as an additive (not as a process)- dose is set based on packaging (don't want release of packaging chemicals, etc)
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USDA/ FSIS approves irradiation for...
efficacy in meat and poultry
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