-
Contrast an enthesiophyte and an osteophyte.
- enthesiophyte= bony projection associated with degeneration of a ligament
- osteophyte= bony projection associated with cartilage degeneration in a joint
-
What are causes of degenerative joint disease? (7)
- osteoarthritis
- primary or secondary (developmental vs acquired)
- OCD, dysplasia, conformational abnormalities
- trauma
- infection
- neoplasia
- instability
-
What are DJD radiographic findings? (8)
- increased synovial mass
- altered joint space width (be careful if non-weight bearing rads!)
- decreased subchondral bone opacity OR increased subchondral bone opacity (sclerosis)
- subchondral cyst formation (very late change, chronic)
- changes of perichondral junction (osteophytes)
- changes at the sites of soft tissue attachment (enthesiophytes)
- mineralization of intra- and periarticular structures (joint mice)
- changes in joint alignment (subluxation, luxation
-
What are causes of increased synovial mass on radiographs with DJD?
- effusion
- proliferative synovium
- [can't tell the difference just by rads]
-
Why would there be decreased subchondral bone opacity with DJD?
lysis or erosion of subchondral bone
-
What is the normal alignment of the stifle with an intact cruciate ligament? (on radiograph)
trochlear ridge of the tibia in alignment with the femoral condyles on lateral
-
What are causes of aggressive primary arthropathies? (3)
- infection**
- neoplasia
- erosive inflammatory
-
What is a major cause of non-aggressive primary arhtropathy?
non-erosive inflammatory
-
What are radiographic signs of septic arthritis? (4)
- subchondral bone lysis** (might not be immediately evident; cartilage might be completely destroyed and infection is eating away subchondral bone but it is not yet radiographically evident)
- swelling
- widened joint space (maybe joint space collapse...not usually)
- degenerative changes
-
What are the specific erosive polyarthropathies (2), and what are characteristics of these? (5)
- rhematoid arthritis in dogs, feline erosive polyarthritis
- multiple joints
- immune mediated
- swelling
- subchondral cysts and lysis**
- subluxation of joints
-
What are the types of joint neoplasia? (2)
- histiocytic sarcoma
- synovial cell sarcoma
-
What are radiographic characteristics of joint neoplasia?
- soft tissue mass, often lobular/ irregular
- osteolysis from joint surfacing and sometimes extending all the way to the metaphysis
-
What are the non-erosive polyarthropathies (2), and what are radiographic characteristics? (3)
- SLE, feline periosteal proliferative PA
- multiple joints involved
- immune-mediated
- swelling**subchondral bone looks fine, joint margins are clean- non-erosive
-
What are classic radiographic signs of CCL rupture? (6)
- increased soft tissue opacity around the joint (effusion); may efface the margin of the infra-patellar fat pad
- enthesiophytes on base and apex of patella
- osteophytes on cranial margin of femoral trochlear ridges
- osteophytes in lateral and medial aspects of tibial plateau
- +/- enthesiophytes on distal fabellae
- +/- enthesiophytes at insertion of CCL
-
What are classic radiographic signs of hip dysplasia? (6)
- shallow acetabulum, covering <50% of femoral head
- osteophytes on cranial and caudal margins of acetabular rim
- flattening of the femoral head
- osteophytes on margins of femoral head
- sclerotic line of enthesiophytes on femoral neck, where joint capsule inserts
- +/- thickening of femoral neck
-
What are classic radiographic signs of elbow dysplasia/ DJD? (5)
- [depends on cause of elbow dysplasia]
- FMCP- if that's the cause
- osteophytes on articular surfaces
- subtrochlear notch sclerosis
- osteophytes on non-articular surface of anconeal process
- enthesiophytes on medial epicondyle
|
|
