Want to increase the portion of women who are at a healthy weight, who do not drink, and who intake at least 400 mcg of folic acid prior to pregnancy by 10%
Want to reduce iron deficiency among females of childbearing age by 10%
____ of healthy couple have a chance to get pregnant within a given menstrual cycle
20-25%
____ of couples fail to conceive within____ of trying and are deemed “infertile”
~15%, 1 year
___ of infertile couples will conceived within 3 years without treatment and probability increases after 1st child
44%
Reduced level of fertility characterized by an unusually long time (over 12 months) for conception
subfertility
___ of couples are sub fertile
Examples?
~18%
having multiple miscarriages, sperm abnormalities, infrequent ovulation
Loss of embryo in first 20 weeks of pregnancy—9% of conceptions are lost
Miscarriage
After 20 weeks a loss is considered a ____
fetal death
Causes of miscarriages
Defect in the fetus
maternal infection
structural abnormalities of uterus
endocrine or immunological disturbances unknown of random events
When does development of female and male productive systems begin?
During the first months after conception and continues to develop through pregnancy
When is capacity for reproduction established?
during puberty when hormonal change stimulate maturation of reproductive system
Woman are born with ____ immature ova but only ____ remain by onset of puberty
~7 million
~1 million
How many ova will mature and be released for possible fertilization during fertile years?
~400-500
When does sperm production begin? during puberty
During puberty
when does sperm production decrease?
after age 35 but continues into old age
Where is Gonaodotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is produced?
hypothalamus in the brain
What does GnRH do?
Stimulates pituitary to release of FSH and LH
What does follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) do?
Stimulates ovarian follicle growth and maturation, estrogen secretion, endometrial changes in the first part of the menstrual cycle
What does Luteinizing hormone (LH) do?
stimulates ovulation and the development of the corpus luteum (which secrets progesterone)
What do LH and FSH do?
trigger the menstrual cycle and ovulation
what does estrogen do?
estrogen stimulates the release of GnRH in follicular phase, stimulates increase vascularity and storage of glycogen and other nutrients within the uterine wall
what does progesterone do?
progesterone prepares the uterus for fertilized ovum, increases vascularity of the endometrium and stimulates cell division of fertilized ova
what are the two phases of the menstrual cycle?
follicular and luteal
What happens during the follicular phase?
follicle growth and maturation
____ and ____ prompt the uterine wall to store nutrients and to expand the growth of blood vessels and connective tissues
estrogen and progesterone
How long is the follicular phase?
~14 days
what hormone surges during the follicular phase
LH, which leads to ovulation
When does the luteal phase begin?
after ovulation
What occurs during the luteal phase?
formation of the corpus luteum
If ovum is not fertilized
estrogen and progesterone decreases and menstrual flow is stimulated
T/F sperm production is ongoing
True
What triggers the production of testosterone by testes
GnRH signals release of FSH and LH
Testosterone and other androgens stimulate what?
the maturation of sperm
How long does sperm maturation take?
70-80 days
Where are matured sperm stored?
epididymis
Factors related to altered fertility in women and men
