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What are the bone responses to disease? (4)
- destruction (lysis)
- production/ proliferation
- change in architecture
- normal radiographic appearance
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What characteristics do you look at when trying to determine if bone disease is aggressive or non-aggressive? (3)
- cortical destruction
- type of periosteal reaction
- zone of transition
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What characteristics point to aggressive bone disease? (5)
- cortical destruction
- active periosteal reaction
- non-distinct zone of transition
- changes over time
- type of lysis
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What radiographic findings point to non-aggressive bone disease? (3)
- no cortical destruction OR expansion of cortex without destruction
- no periosteal reaction or smooth periosteum
- distinct zone of transition
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What are they types of lysis? Describe each. (3)
- geographic: well defined borders, least aggressive
- moth eaten: patchy, arge areas and small areas, very aggressive
- permeative: least defined, spreading to surrounding areas, very aggressive
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What are types of periosteal reaction? (4)
- smooth, solid- can be benign
- lamellar/ multilayered- can be benign
- active/ irregular- palisading/ spiculated/ columnar, sunburst, amorphous- very aggressive
- codman's triangle- periosteal elevation, lifting the periosteum off the bone, usually seen with aggressive lesions
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What are causes of aggressive bone lesions? (3)
- infection: bacterial, fungal
- malignant neoplasia: primary, metastatic, multicentric
- immune-mediated: joints
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Primary bone neoplasia is usually in the _________; metastatic malignant neoplasia in the bone is usually seen in the __________.
metaphysis; diaphysis
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Fungal aggressive bone lesions are usually found in the _________ and are usually __________.
metaphysis; polyostotic
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What are some causes of non-aggressive bone lesions? (4)
- degenerative joint dz
- bone cysts
- benign neoplasia
- fractures
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What are the predilection sites for osteosarc in dogs?
- Most common: proximal humerus, distal radius
- Also: proximal femur, distal tibia
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What are risk factors for osteosarcoma? (3)
infarcts, surgical implants, trauma
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What are examples of primary malignant neoplasias of bone? (7)
osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, lymphosarcoma, multilobular (osteochondrosarcoma), histiocystic sarcoma
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What are examples of primary joint malignant neoplasias?(2)
histiocytic sarcoma, synovial cell sarcoma
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What type of metastatic tumor loves to met to bone?
urogenital neoplasia- TCC
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How does osteomyelitis start?
- bacterial: direct innoculation (surgery, surgical implants), hematogenous spread, sequestrum
- fungal: hematogenous
- protozoal: migration- very uncommon
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_______ can commonly lead to discospondylitis.
Urinary tract infection
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When is an involucrum?
the sclerotic area surrounding the lucent area surrounding a sequestrum
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Describe the progression of discospondylitis radiographically.
disc space gets wide first w/ lysis of end plates; then more chronically, disc space collapses w/ proliferation
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What are causes of immune-mediate erosive arthropathy? (3)
- Dogs- rheumatoid
- cats- feline erosive polyarthropathy
- neoplasia- histiocytic sarcoma, synovial cell sarcoma
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What are the major causes of erosive arthropathy? (2)
- neoplasia
- immune mediated dz
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What are causes of non-erosive arthropathies? (2)
immune mediated, SLE
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Describe hypertrophic osteopathy.
space occupying mass in thorax or in cranial abdomen—> causes palisading periosteal reaction, esp on digits 2 and 5 and on the long bones; usually doesn’t cross the joint but is found on the adjacent bones; if you see this, go immediately to chest and abdomen rads
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What are causes of non-aggressive lesions in the bones and joint(s)? (10)
- benign neoplasia- osteoma, osteochondroma (happens in degenerative joints), enchondroma
- bone cysts
- multiple cartilagenous exotoses
- DJD
- hyperparathyroidism
- rickets (Vit D deficiency)
- hypervitaminosis A
- disorders of cartilage growth- OCD
- dysplasia (hip, elbow)
- genetic disorders- osteogenesis imperfecta, mucopolysaccharidosis
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