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Question Stem Contains
- Proceeds by...
- Method of reasoning...
- Argumentative technique...
- Claim plays what role...
- X responds to Y by...
- Reasoning (Question Type)
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Question Stem Contains
- Resolve...
- Explain...
- Paradox...
- Discrepancy...
- Puzzling Situation...
- Explanation
- Resolve/Explain (Question Type)
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Question Stem Contains
- Evaluate...
- Answer to which question would allow you to judge the validity of the argument...
- Evaluate (Question Type)
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Question Stem Contains
- Must be true...
- Strongly supported...
- Is compatible...
- What can be concluded...
- Inference (Question Type)
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Question Stem Contains
- Point at issue...
- Disagree about...
- Point at Issue (Question Type)
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Question Stem Contains
- Main point...
- Main conclusion...
- structured to lead to which conclusion...
- Main Point (Question Type)
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Question Stem Contains
- Conforms most closely...
- Principle...
- Proposition...
- Correct application...
- Principle-Match (Question Type)
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Question Stem Contains
- Pattern of reasoning...
- Logical features...
- Most similar...
- Most parallel...
- Parallel (Question Type)
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Question Stem Contains
- Assumption required...
- Depends on...
- Is assumed...
- Necessary Assumption (Question Type)
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Question Stem Contains
- Vulnerable to criticism...
- Error in reasoning...
- Flaw (Question Type)
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Question Stem Contains
- Most strengthens...
- Most supports...
- Justifies...
- Strengthen (Question Type)
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Question Stem Contains
- Undermines...
- Calls into question...
- Most weakens...
- Weaken (Question Type)
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Question Stem Contains
- Principle, if valid...
- Most justifies...
- Most validates...
- Principle-Strengthen (Question Type)
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Question Stem Contains
- If assumed...
- Conclusion follows logically...
- Conclusion properly drawn...
- Sufficient Assumption (Question Type)
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Premises: list problem
- Conclusion: "should/ought"
- Solve (Purpose)
- Assumption: Solution will work completely
- Assumption: Solution won't cause a new problem
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"Many (stupid) people think..."
- Premise: evidence for counter-belief
- Conclusion: people are wrong/might be wrong
- Disagree (Purpose)
- Assumption: Both situations can't be true at the same time
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No problem listed, no stupid people listed
- Interpret (Purpose)
- Everything that isn't Solve/Disagree
- Most of the LSAT
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Correlation in the premises
- Causal (Pattern; Argument OR Flaw)
- Assumption: Correlation = Causality
- Assumption: No Outside Cause
- Assumption: No Reverse Causality
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Conditional statements in premises
- Necessary vs. Sufficient (Pattern; Flaw)
- Flaw: Usually reads the arrow backwards
- X --> Y flaw is that Y --> X in conclusion
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Premises mention a study/poll/survey
- Survey/Samples (Pattern; Argument OR Flaw)
- Assumption: Sample is representative of the population discussed in the conclusion
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Compares:
- 2 Things
- 2 Time Periods
- Part-to-Whole
- Comparison (Pattern; Argument OR Flaw)
- Assumption: the 2 things being compared can be compared in all relevant ways
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Statistics in the Premises
- Statistics (Patterns; Argument OR Flaw)
- Often confuse % with absolute values
- Often misinterpret statistics
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Something not proven false must be true
- Something not proven true must be false
- Absence of Evidence (Pattern; Flaw)
- Assumption: if something isn't proven one way, it must be the other
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Appeals/Attacks the person, not the argument
- Appeals/Attacks (Pattern; Flaw)
- Ignores the merit of the argument, focusing on the merit of the person introducing it instead
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Uses a phrase or word that has two meanings as if it only has one
- Shifting Meanings (Pattern; Flaw)
- "Trades on ambiguity"
- "Equivocates with respect to a key term"
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Premise and Conclusion are exactly the same
- Circular (Pattern; Flaw)
- "Presumes what it sets out to prove"
- "Conclusion merely restates the premises"
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