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Which civilization claims to have to developed the first democracy?
Athens
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Why did philosophers of Ancient Greece urge the use of reason and logic when making decisions?
To investigate the nature of the universe
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Which civilization laid the foundation for the first republic in 508 BC?
Rome
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Why did the creation of a written law by the Romans make such a big impact?
Gave them a foundation of protection
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How is a direct democracy different from a representative democracy (republic)?
- Direct voted for laws
- Representative voted for people
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Name the religion that follows the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth:
Christianity
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This is a set of religious and social principles, given to Moses, which outlined that way people should behave:
The 10 Commandments
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This event sparked a split the Roman Catholic Church in the 16 century:
The re-formation
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A period of "rebirth" of classic culture that lasted roughly from the 14th-16th century:
Renaissance
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What invention allowed for a better spread of literacy throughout the world:
Printing press
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Describe the characteristics of the Renaissance of the 14th to 16th centuries:
- Explosion of arts
- Education
- printing press
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What was a patron of the arts? How did they get people to make things for them?
A church leader who spent large amount of money for art
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Best description of the word secular
The basic spirit of renaissance society
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A technique known as perspective is most useful for the creation of what in paintings?
Shows three dimensions on a flat surface
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The person who produces work "in the vernacular" is the one who...
Writes it in their native language
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Describe the contributing factors in the weakening of the Catholic Church my 1500?
Luther's teachings and the 95 theses
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Describe the three reasons why people were critical of the clergy (priests, monks, etc.)
- Monks were poorly educated
- They broke their priestly vows
- Got drunk on the street
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What was the central focus of Luthers 95 theses?
Full reform of the church
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What was one of the cornerstones of Luther's teachings?
- People did not need priest to interpret the Bible for them
- People could win salvation only by faith in God's gift of forgiveness
- All church teachings should be clearly based on the Bible
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What was the most immediate response to Luther's writings by Pope Leo X?
He needed to be punished by his superiors
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How did Elizabeth I handle the issues of religion is her country?
She established the state church
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What was central to the message of Institutions of the Christian Religion by John Calvin
- God
- Salvation
- Human nature
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What does the term "predestination" refer to?
God already knows who will be saved.
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Who took John Calvin's theology to Scotland?
John Knox
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What is the Scottish version of Calvinism called?
Presbyterian
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What was the relationship in France between the Huguenots (Protestants) and Catholics?
There was hatred between them
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What about Charles I's actions resulted in the radical end to his life?
After agreeing to the petition he signed, he then ignored it
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What was the purpose of the English Civil War (1642-1649)?
To choose whether Charles I would be king or not
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Who became the new leader of England after the Civil War
Oliver Cromwell
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The scientific revolution was a new way of thinking about the natural world based on
Careful observation and willingness to question accepted beliefs
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What were the causes of the scientific revolution?
- Renaissance encouraged curiosity
- investigation
- Discovery of modern day knowledge
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Describe the differences between the Heliocentric and geocentric theories.
- Geocentric: Earth was in the center
- Heliocentric: The sun was in the center
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Why was the church frighten by the new discoveries by the scientist (such as Galileo)?
Because it went against the church beliefs
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What is the Scientific method?
A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas
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What were the major contributions of Bacon and Descartes?
If you had a better understanding of the world, scientist would generate practical knowledge that would improve people's living
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What major impact did Andreas Vesalius have upon the understanding of the human body
He proved Galen's assumptions wrong
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What was the impact of Edward Jenner?
He introduced a vaccine to prevent smallpox
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What was the Enlightenment?
A new intellectual movement that stressed reasonal thought and the power of individuals to solve problems
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What is a social contract?
People had to hand over their rights to a strong ruler, in exchange they gained law and order
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What new ideas about government differed from old ideas?
A government's power comes from the consent of the governed.
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John Locke believed that all people were born free and equal with the three natural rights?
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Name the five concepts that form the core beliefs of philosophies:
- Reason
- Nature
- Happiness
- Progress
- Liberty
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Voltaire's quote "I do not agree with the word you say but I will defend to the death your right to say it" reflects the freedom of...
Speech
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Baron de Montesquieu's most famous contribution to government was the idea of separation of powers. What does this mean?
Division of power among different branches
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Mary Wollstonecraft was famous for advocating the rights of:
Women
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How did Hobbes vision of a social contract differ from Rousseau?
- Hobbes: ruler enforced
- Rousseau: individual freedom
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Name three long-term effects of the Enlightenment:
- Belief in progress
- A more secular outlook
- Importance of the individual
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Where and when did the Industrial Revolution begin
Britain
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What is the Industrialization
A process of developing machine production of goods
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What are the factors of Production
Land, Labor, Capital, and entrepreneur
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What is an entrepreneur?
A person who organizes, manages, and take the risk on the business
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How did the agricultural revolution impact the amount of food grown?
Land owners to improve their farming methods and more inventions
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What was the purpose of the crop rotation
To preserve soil fertility of the land
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What was the benefit of land enclosure?
It was methods to boost up crop yields
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Jethro Tull is best remembered for what invention(s) during the agricultural revolution?
Seed drill
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What was the first industry to modernize by 1800 in Europe?
Britain’s textile industry
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What where the 4 major effects of the locomotive
- 1: gave manufacturers a cheaper way to transport materials
- 2: created thousands of new jobs
- 3: boasted England's agricultural and fishing industry
- 4: Make travel easier
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Why did the majority of people move to cities?
the growth of the factory system
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What term means the building of cities and people moving to them:
Urbanization
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Where had most people lived to prior to the Industrial Revolution?
Rural places
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What major economic class emerged during the Industrial Revolution?
Middle class
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Describe the working conditions in factories:
- Lots of hours of work
- Machines on all the time, never changed.
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Describe the living conditions for the poor:
- Lack of education and police protection
- Lots of sickness
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What was the purpose of the Factory Act in 1819 in Britain?
To restrict working age and hours
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What were some causes of the working and living conditions experienced by the poor?
More factories were built and middle class emerged
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Name four long-term effects of industrialization:
- Higher wages
- shorter hours
- better working and living conditions
- housing and diet improved
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Name four short term affects of industrialization:
- More jobs
- more inventions
- increase the production of goods
- raise the standard living
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After Great Britain, which nation was next to industrialize?
United States
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What was the name of the British mill worker Who emigrated to the United States and brought the design for the spinning machine:
Samuel Slater
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Why did thousands of young woman move from rural homes to work in the mills of factory towns?
To earn higher wages and gain more freedom
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Why did the US experience a technological boom experience in the last third of the 1800s? (Give at least 3 causes)
- Natural resources
- New inventions
- High population to buy more products made
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Why did cities like Chicago and Minneapolis especially expand rapidly during the late 1800s?
Because they were near the railroads
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How did entrepreneurs raise funds to invest in their business?
By selling shares in the stock company
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What reasons are given for Belgium becoming the second European country to industrialize?
- Natural resources
- Waterways for transportation
- Designs for spinning machines
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The French Revolution and Napoleonic wars affected industrialization on the European continent in all the following ways: (at least 3):
- Interrupted trade
- halted communication
- Caused inflation
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How did Germany’s industrialization impact it economically and politically by the end of the 1800s?
Germany had become military giants and economically successful
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What was the inevitable consequence for nations that did not industrialize during this era?
Became financially weak and unable to protect themselves.
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What is laissez-faire economics?
Economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference
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What type of economy focuses on the law of supply & demand, profit incentive and individualism:
Capitalism
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Why did laissez-faire thinkers like Smith, Malthus and Ricardo oppose government efforts to help poor workers?
Because they thought creating minimum-wage laws and better working conditions would upset the free market system is lower profits undermine wealth in society
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Why did social theorist begin to push the government intervention to the economy?
That wealth people or the government take action to improve people's lives
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What does Jeremy Bentham's "utilitarianism" mean?
People should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility, or usefulness
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Name the economic system:
The intervention of the government into society in order to read distribute the wealth so that more people are provided for
Socialism
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Name the economic system:
The absence of private property and presents of government planning of the economy
Communism
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Who was the author of the Communist Manifesto and called the "Father of Communism"?
Karl Marx
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How did reformers succeed in changing the lives of workers in the factories of Great Britain and the United States?
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Name three changes made by British and United States' reformers in the 19 century?
- Improving workplace
- Right to vote for working class men
- Abolition of slavery and promote for women's rights
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Europeans controlled a small portion of Africa in the 1800s for all of the following reasons:
They wanted more resources to fuel their industrial production.
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Imperialism is the term that refers to:
Seizure of a country by stronger country
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What are three major motives for imperializing other nations through the 19th century?
- More trading post
- spread of religion
- access to resources
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How did "Social Darwinism" help justify the imperialization of Africa and other civilizations?
The Europeans technological superiority. Europeans believe that they have the right and the duty to bring the results of their progress to other countries
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What did Africa look like politically before Europeans took over?
African people were divided into hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups. Most continue to follow traditional believes, while others converted to Islam or Christianity
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Name at least three reasons that the colonization of Africa was possible:
- Africans huge variety of languages and cultures discouraged unity among them.
- Wars fought between ethnic groups over land, water, and trade rights also prevented a unified stand.
- Europeans learn to play rival groups against each other
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What was the Berlin conference of 1884-85?
To lay down rules for the division of Africa
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Why did the Boers and the British fights over southern Africa?
Clashed over British policy regarding land and slaves.
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What eventually allowed Europeans to lead expeditions into the interior of Africa?
The steamboat
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Why were so many European countries desperate for control of a piece of Africa by the 1880s
Diamonds and gold were discovered in southern Africa.
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