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pass-aggressive behaviour
- intent is aggressive, but behavior is passive
- ex:// refusing to speak to someone, block entry
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hostile (expressive)
occurs in response to anger-inducing conditions
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instrumental
begins with competition or desire for some object or status possessed by another person - jewelry, money, territory
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aggression
behaviour perpetrated or attempted with the intention of harming one or more individuals physically or psychologically or to destroy an object
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violence
destructive physical aggression intentionally directed at harming other persons or things
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psychodynamic/hydraulic model
human beings are susceptible from birth to build up aggressive energy, which must be dissipated or drained before it reaches dangerous levels
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catharsis
discharge of internal energy so that it does not accumulate and produce outward aggressive behaviour
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ethological viewpoints
study of animal behaviour compared to human behaviour
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territoriality
if territory is violated, our instincts are programmed to attack the intruder
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ritualized aggression
ex:// showing teeth, changing colour, size etc to displace force of superiority
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evolutionary psychology
the study of evolution of behaviour using the principles of natural selection
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frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
aggression as a direct result of frustration
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weapons effect
- Berkowitz
- the presence of aggressive stimuli in the external environment increases the probability of aggressive responses
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cognitive-neoassociation model
- during early stages of appraising a situation, unpleasant feelings can evoke aggressive responses (ppl act on this initial, automatic response)
- later stages of appraising a situation include cognitive appraisals to guide behaviour (ppl overcome the initial stages of frustration and control their feelings)
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Excitation transfer theory
- Zillmann
- Physiological arousal dissipates slowly over time
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Displaced Aggression theory
occurs when an individual cannot aggress against a source of provocation
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rumination
self-focused attention toward one's thoughts and feelings
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types of models
- family members
- members of one's subculture
- symbolic models
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Cognitive Scripts Model
- Huesmann
- aggressive behaviour is controlled by cognitive scripts learned and memorized through daily experiences
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Hostile Attribution model
- Kennel Dodge
- youth (and adult) prone toward violence are more likely to interpret ambiguous actions as hostile and threatening than their less aggressive counterparts
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The General Aggression Model (GAM)
- model attempts to include most factors that can influence aggression
- draws heavily on social-cognitive and social learning theories
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overt
- direct confrontation with victims
- generally decreases with age
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covert
- concealment, dishonesty, sneaky behaviour
- increases with age
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reactive aggression
includes anger expressions, temper tantrums, vengeful hostility - "hot blooded acts"
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Proactive aggression
includes bullying, domination, teasing, name-calling, and coercive acts - "cold-blooded" acts
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