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The 3 important environmental contributors to the global burden of disease?
- Unsafe water, hygiene, and bodily waste disposal
- urban air pollution
- indoor smoke from household use of solid fuels
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The amount of people who depend on solid fuel for cooking and heating
half of all the people in the world
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Short term problems associated with indoor air pollution
- conjunctivitis,
- upper respiratory infection,
- acute respiratory infection and
- carbon monoxide poisoning
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Long term problems associated with outdoor air pollution
- respiratory systems,
- including cough,
- irritation of nose and throat, and
- shortness of breath
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The amount of people globally who lack access to sage water
one billion people lack access to safe water sources
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The leading risk factor for loss of health in low and middle income countries
poor nutrition
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Undernourished
used to describe the status of people whose food intake does not include enough calories to met minimum physiological needs for an active life
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Wasting
indicator of acute malnutrition that reflects a recent and sever process that has led to substantial weight loss – usually the result of starvation and disesase
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Stunting
indicator of chronic malnutrition that reflects the long term nutritional situation of a population
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Underweight
refers to those who have low weight for their height or age
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2 immediate causes of malnutrition and explain why…
- inadequate dietary intake (weakens the body and opens it up to infection;
- illness (makes it harder for people to eat, absorb the nutrients they take in, and raises the need for some nutrients
- (relationship b/w both creates a cycle of illness and infection)
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Explain the poverty trap as it relates to hunger
- poorly nourished mothers give birth to babies with low birth weight –
- low birth weight infants are likely to be malnourished in their childhood –
- malnourished children grow up to be undernourished adults
- AND SO ON IT’S A CYCLE
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The “window of opportunity” with regards to nutrition
is in utero to two years of age
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List the biological determinants of women’s health
- iron deficiency anemia related to menstruation
- complications of pregnancy
- increased susceptibility to some infections
- conditions, such as ovarian cancer, specific to women
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List the social determinants of women’s health
- related to gender norms and rules
- female abortion or infanticide
- often fed less nutritious food than male children
- male dominance leads to physical and sexual abuse
- cooking with poor ventilation contributes to respiratory disease
- low social status limits access to health care
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The number of unsafe abortion each year
70,000
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Risk factors for violence and sexual abuse against women
- low socioeconomic status,
- young age of male partner,
- proximity to alcohol, and
- gender inequality
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50% of all maternal deaths occur in what 5 nations
- nigeria,
- Pakistan,
- Afghanistan,
- Ethiopia, and the
- democratic republic of the congo
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A fistula is
an injury in the birth canal that allows leakage from the bladder or rectum into vagina, leaving a woman permanently incontinent
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the # of children under the age of 5 who die each year
6.6 million
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perinatal
first week of life
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neonatal
referring to the first month of life
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infant
referring to the first year of life
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under 5
referring to children 0-4 years old
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children’s highest risk of dying
premature birth
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two ways to minimize risk of death in the first month of life
- ensuring baby is breathing,
- exclusive breastfeeding right away,
- keep warm
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main causes of death for children 1month -5 years old
- pneumonia,
- other acute respiratory infections,
- childhood diarrhea
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Children in sub-Saharan Africa are _____ more likely to die before ___ than in developed regions
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______ of childhood deaths are in low- and middle-income countries
more severe and higher rates
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In Cuba, less than ________ of children whose mothers have HIV are born with the virus, the lowest rate possible with prevention methods available today
???
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Communicable disease
transmitted from animal to animal, animal to human, or human to human
-
Communicable disease are spread and contracted through
- food,
- water,
- bodily fluids,
- vector,
- inhalation,
- non-traumatic contact, and
- traumatic contact
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The 2 areas globally that have highest relative burden of deaths from communicable diseases
south asia, sub-saharan africa
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Ways that communicable disease can be controlled
- continued cooperation in and among countries to combat infections disease
- strengthening health systems in low and middle income countries
- sustained political and financial support
- strengthening surveillance at local national and global levels
- adequately trained and appropriately deployed human resources
- reaching a balance between prevention and treatment
- technical challenges including new vaccines, treatment and diagnostics
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Non-communicable disease
cannot be spread by an infectious agent, they last a long time and they are often disabling, include cancer, diabetes, endocrine disorders, etc
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The # of deaths annually associated with tobacco use
6 million
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Non-communicable diseases are preventable through effective interventions that tackle
shared risk factors namely tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and harmful use of alcohol
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Globally which age group is impacted the most by injuries?
15 – 29 years of age
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Name the 3 injury deaths that are in the top 5 causes of death globally
- Road traffic injuries,
- suicide,
- homicide
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________ as many people die from homicide each year than from war-related injuries
five times
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