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war of the roses
war between families for the English throne
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How was the war of the roses resolved
Tudors won control, Henry Tudor got control
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What is the Church of England
Catholicism w/ divorce
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Why was religion unstable during and after Henry VIII's reign?
Citizens split between Catholicism and Protestantism; power shifted
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What year did Columbus sail?
1492
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Who sponsored Columbus and from what country were they?
Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain
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When was Jamestown settled?
1607
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What crop made settlement in Jamestown profitable?
Virginia
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When did the Mayflower sail?
1620
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What is the difference between Puritans and Separatists?
Puritans-fix church in England; Separatists-leave
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Who went on the Mayflower?
separatists, William Bradford
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Why did Puritans write nonfiction but not fiction?
They did not value imagination or entertainment
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myth
traditional story explaining history of people or mysterious phemomenon
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ethnography
study of characteristics of various peoples and differences/relationships between; branch of anthropology
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what information is known about the attitude of Christopher Colombus from Howard Zinn's research?
Columbus treated the natives brutally, was willing to lie about presence of gold for what he wanted
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what were the implications of the early voyages from Europe to the Americas for Europe and the rest of the world?
earth is bigger than they thought, more land to be fought over
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The General History of Virginia
written by John Smith
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John Smith's involvement with Jamestown
Negotiated with natives, traded with natives, founded colony
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Of Plymouth Plantation
written by William Bradford
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William Bradford's involvement with the Mayflower
travelled on it to Plymouth
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"To My Dear and Loving Husband" and "Upon the Burning of Our House"
written by Anne Bradstreet
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Why is Anne Bradstreet important to American literature?
First American to publish a volume of poetry
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How did Anne Bradstreet's beliefs influence her writing?
She believed men were superior to women, her work became less sophisticated in style as she spend more time in America
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"To My Dear and Loving Husband"
praises her husband
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"Upon the BUrning of Our House"
Theme: material possesions
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Lyric poetry
expresses deep feelings or emotion
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connotation
an idea or quality that a word makes you think about in addition to its meaning
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Huswifery
written by Edward Taylor, conceit that compares housework to God
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Conceit
a fanciful expression in writing or speech; elaborate metaphor
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The Wonders of the Invisible World
written by Cotton Mather, defined witchcraft as planned by the devil
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How long has the notion of witchraft been around?
thousands of years
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Why were women always associated with witchcraft?
healing, cooking, childbirth
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After the Salem Witch Trials, what change occurred in the American Justice System?
guilty until proven innocent>innocent until proven guilty
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"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"
spoken by Jonathon Edwards, 'you're all terrible and lucky to not be in Hell'
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How did listeners first react to "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God?"
Frenzied, very extreme responses
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What did Jonathon Edwards try to "read" for spiritual truth?
nature
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Why did attitudes change from the 1760s to the mid 1770s?
7 years war, sugar Act, Tea Act, Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, Intolerable Acts
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How did the colonies justify their break with England?
The felt that their basic rights had been revoked and self government was optimal
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What specific events precipitated this breakup?
7 years war, sugar Act, Tea Act, Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, Intolerable Acts
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What is the the of Enlightenement?
Reason was valued above all else
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When did the Revolutionary War begin?
April 19, 1775
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When did the Revolutionary War end?
Cornwallis surrendered in 1781 at Yorktown, Treaty of Paris signed September 3, 1783
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The Autobiography and Poor Richard's almanac
written by Benjamin Franklin
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The Autobiography
Ben Franklin was supposed to be a minister, was a printer, and the book ends in 1757 (unfinished).
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Poor Richard's Almanac
Divided a year into months and days; contained useful information like tides and sunrise, contained aphorisms
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What evidence exists that Ben Franklin was influenced by Puritan ethic?
He tried to make himself morally perfect
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What evidence exists that Ben Franklin was influenced by the Age of Reason?
wrote, invented, etc.
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What is an aphorism?
truth or opinion expressed in a witty manner; proverb; "if it ain't broke, don't fix it"
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Speech in the Virginia Convention
spoken by Patrick Henry, drove colonies toward war
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parallelism
fact of being similar in development or form
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Patrick Henry's famous quote
"I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me libety or give me death!"
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The Crisis, Number 1
written by Thomas Paine, compared England's treatment of colonies to slavery, pushed for Independence
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What evidence was used in the Crisis Number 1?
References to God and simple language were used; argued that Britain was 'playing God'
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"To His Excellency, General Washington"
by Phyllis Wheatley, personified America as a woman; Phyllis Wheatley was a female former slave who was well educated
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Declaration of Independence
primary author Thomas Jefferson, addressed England, 27 grievances-defined conflicts
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Letters from an American Farmer
by J. Hector St. John de Crevecouer, described America as a place of hope
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Epistle
A composition in the form of a letter
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Interesting Narrative of the Life of ____
written by Olaudah Equiano, targeted abolitionists, end goal was to end slavery
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What method of writing was invented and developed during 1800-1840?
Realism
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what major events led to the growth of America in the early 1800s?
Industrial revolution
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Who was the people's president?
Andrew Jackson
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What is the Trail of Tears?
Cherokee removal passage from anywhere east of the mississippi to oklahoma
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What was the significance of the War of 1812?
America gained free trade and ended British impressment
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Who was America's first professional author to gain an international reputation?
Washington Irving
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What is romance literature?
literature with an emphasis on emotion with individualism, nature
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what other art forms were influenced by the Romantic movement?
music, painting
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What is the difference between Romantic writing and and revolutionary era writing?
revolutionary writing was almost entirely political
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What is a knickerbocker?
New Yorker
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"The Devil and Tom Walker"
written by Washington Irving, Tom likes stuff more than his wife, charges unfair rates and gets caught
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folk tales
stories passed down through generations verbally
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Other works by Washington Irving
"Legend of Sleepy Hollow," "Rip Van Winkle"
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What inspired Washington Irving's work?
German folktales
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"Thanatopsis"
written by William Cullen Bryant, author finds comfort in that everybody lives and dies
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thanatopsis
meditation on death
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romanticism
emphasizes imagination and emotion
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The Single Effect
The idea that the story should focus on one emotional effect on the reader and everything should serve that
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"The Raven"
Poe, Raven knocks and stays there; Lenore
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"The Fall of the House of Usher"
Poe, Roderick Usher invites friend, lock away living sister, both Ushers die
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Alliteration
consecutive initial consonant sounds
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Consonance
groups of words using similar consonant sounds
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Assonance
groups of words using similar vowel sounds
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Allusion
an indirect literary reference
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Most important issue in D.C. 1840-1860
maintain the Union
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Other issues 1840-1860
Slavery, women's rights
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Who lead the women's rights movement 1840-1860
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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What is transcendentalism?
individualism, romanticism, nature
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transcendentalist leader?
Ralph waldo emerson
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What group rebelled against transcendentalists?
antitranscendentalists
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The Declaration of Rights and Sentiments
written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton; similar to Declaration of Independence
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Why did ECS make Declaration of Sentiments similar to of Independence?
to highlight the similartity of the request to the Declaration of Independence
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What was the Seneca Falls Convention?
convention for women's rights, Wesleyan Chapel in NY, 19 and 20 July 1848
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Other major women's rights activist?
Susan B. Anthony
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In what city did Susan B. Anthony live and die?
New York City
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Moby Dick
by Herman Mehlville; Ishmael vs. Moby Dick; Essex was sunk by a whale
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Scarlet Letter
Nathaniel Hawthorne;
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