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Biol 166
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2 Types of Signals Neurons Use
Electrical
Chemical
Chocolate Chip Cookie Analogy
Neurons=chocolate chips
Glia= rest of the cookie
4 Key Functions of Neurons
Process info from internal and external sources
Sense changes & accomodate
Communicate changes to other neurons
Command response to external changes
Nissl Stain
Used to see neurons
Cresyl violet stains cell around nuclei
Golgi Stain
Used to see neurons
Silver chromate
Used to define & visualize the cell body and neurites
Cajal Stain
Used to see neurons
Used to make drawings of tissues
Soma aka Perikaryan
Cell body of neuron
Dendrite & Axon maximum length
Dendrite= 2mm max
Axon= 1m max
How to identify axonal projection from dendrite
Axonal projection comes off axon at 90 degree angle
Organelles of Soma
Nucleus
Rough & Smooth ER
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
(3 components)
Microtubule
Microfilament
Neurofilament
Proper names for parts of axon
Hillock (beginning)
Proper (middle)
Terminal (end)
Difference between axon & soma
(2 differences)
1. ER doesn't extend to axon
2. Protein composition is unique (due to different functions)
Difference between axon terminal & hillock
(3 differences)
1. No microtubules in axon terminal
2. Presence of synaptic vessicles at terminal
3. Large amount of mitochondria at terminal
Axoplasmic Transport
(2 Way System)
1. Anterograde
: From soma to terminal
2. Retrograde
: From terminal to soma
2 Molecules that help move vessicles along cell
Kinesin & Microtubules
Proteins (4 Structures)
Primary- AA sequence
Secondary- Folds due to reactions between AAs
Tertiary- Single protein molecules
Quaternary- Complex of protein molecules
Channel Protein
Quaternary structure protein
Separate units bind together to form channels
Form pore-like structure
Current across membrane
Current only occurs if ions are allowed to flow across membrane
Resting Potential
Membrane potential across a neuronal membrane
Usually about -65mV
Ionic Equilibrium Potential (E
ion
)
When electrical potential difference balances an ionic concentration gradient
Resting Membrane Potential
(4 Key Things)
1. Small change in ion concentration induces a large change in membrane potential
2. Most negative charge is inside the membrane
3. Ionic Driving Force- Ions are driven across membrane at a specific rate
4. If a concentration difference across membrane is known for a particular ion, the equilibrium potential can be calculated.
Nernst Equation
E
ion
=
2.303 RT
* log
[ion]
out
nF [ion]
in
2 Pumps that establish ion concentration gradient
1. Sodium Potassium Pump (3 Na
+
out, 2 K
+
in)
2. Calcium Pump (Pump CA
2+
out)
Potassium Channels
4 Subunits
Only permeable to potassium ion
Maintains membrane potential
Rising Phase of AP
Rapid depolarization that will reach V
max
Overshoot
When inside of cell becomes more positively charged than outside
Falling Phase of AP
Repolarization of cell
Undershoot
After hyperpolarization of cell
Brainbow
Use transgenic molecular biology to look at fluorescent protein expression in the nervous system.
Different colors based on which proteins are expressed and the concentration of those proteins
How Ions Re/Depolarize Cells
Depolarization- Influx of sodium ions
Repolarization- Eflux of potassium ions
Author
shutterbug81
ID
32672
Card Set
Biol 166
Description
Neurophysiology - 1
Updated
2010-09-09T07:39:51Z
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