Biol 120

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Robert Hooke
- Law of Elasticity
- Microscopist
- Discovered cell (cork)
Leeuwenhoek
- Discovered microscope
- Referred to cells as "animacules"
Ferdinand Cohn
- Founding father of bacteriology
- Classified bacteria into 4 categories based on shape
- 1st to realize cyanobacteria photosynthesized
- Noted spore formation of bacillus
- Sterile culture techniques
Louis Pasteur
- Pasteur's Swan Neck Flask (spontaneous generation)
- Pasteurization
- Showed microbes cause disease
- Attenuated vaccines using chicken cholera
Robert Koch
- Founding father of bacteriology
- Related microbes to specific diseases
- Used agar for controlled growth of bacteria in lab
Robert Koch's Postulate
- Found disease in infected organism
- Verified it did not exist in uninfected organism
- Grew pure strains in agar
- Innoculated organism
- Extracted microbes from infected organism
Beijernick
- Father of environmental microbiology
- Enrichment culture (based on growth success)
- Father of virology (viruses were not filtered)
- Nitrogen fixation
- Bacteria can survive without oxygen
Winogradsky
- Nitrogen cycle and sulfer cycle
- Chemolithotrophy
- Oxidation of inorganic compounds for energy
- Winogradsky Column
Microbe Size & SA/V
- 0.2 um - 750 um
- High surface area/volume
Growth Rate
- Proportional to nutrient uptake
- 10-1,000 times faster than our cells
Chemolithotrophs

Use inorganic molecules to affix CO2
Chemoorganotrophs

Use organic molecules to affix CO2
Aerobic

Use oxygen
Anaerobic

Do not use oxygen
Ecological Niches
Abiotic vs Biotic
- Abiotic- ex. dirt
- Biotic- ex. human body
Bacteria
Storage form of sugar
- Usually glycogen
- Sometimes cellulose
- Never starch
Bacteria
Amino Acids
- More than 20 amino acids
- Have amino acids not found in humans
Microscope Resolution
- See objects as two separate points
- about 0.2 um for human eye
Bright Field Microscopy
- Mainly for eukaryotes
- Blue light works better
Direct Simple Stains

Usually positive charge binds to nucleic acids and polysacharides of cell wall
Fixation

Heat is used to denature proteins so that cells adhere to microscope slide
Gram Stain
- First thing used to test unknown
- Red=gram positive
- Pink=gram negative
Antibody Stain

Distinguish one bacteria from another based on antibodies
Phase Contrast Microscopy
- Exploits difference in refactive index
- Wet mount specimens
- Not too useful for bacteria since cells are similar
Dark Field Microscopy
- Light comes from side
- Good for seeing motile organism or thin microbes
- Resolution isn't too great
Fluorescence Microscopy
- Absorbs light of one wavelength (excitation) and emits light of another wavelength (emission)
- Good for chlorophyll, DNA, proteins
Differential Interface Confocal Microscopy
3D Image

scans with thin probe and reads image
Atomic Force Microscopy

No physical contact with specimen
Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy

Capable of 0.1 nm resolution
Transmission Electron Microscopy
- Use diamond knife to cut specimen
- See internal structures
- Requires lead/uranium
Scanning Electron Microscope
- Coat with gold
- Can look at intact cells

Author

shutterbug81

32666

Card Set

Biol 120

Description

Microbiology

Updated

2010-09-04T06:40:35Z

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