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Additional meanings that are associated with a word or phrase
Connotations
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Express important truths
Key symbols
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A narrative, often involving supernatural beings, actions, or events, that express popular ideas about nature and society.
Myth
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The principle that an individual's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture
Cultural relativism
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Judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture
Ethnocentrism
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A defensive psychological response to prolonged interaction with another culture
culture shock
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Begin to think that our own culture is inferior to that of our hosts
Inverted ethnocentrism
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Picking up the prejudices of our hosts
secondary ethnocentrism
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Disorientation and dissociation the traveler experiences upon returning to the social and cultural scene that s/he considers "home"
reverse culture shock
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Working for or against change
Public anthropology
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The invention of qualitatively new forms
Innovation
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Culture change occurs with
Innovation & Borrowing
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Uses knowledge to make social interaction more predictable among people who operate with different culture
Adjustment anthropology
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Anything that we can perceive with our senses that stands for something else
symbol
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A system of cultural knowledge used to generate and interpret speech.
language
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The behavior that produces vocal sounds.
Speech
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Consists of the categories and rules for forming vocal symbols
Phonology
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The minimal categories of speech sounds that serve to keep utterances apart
Phonemes
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Refers to the categories and rules for combining vocal symbols
grammar
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The categories in any language that carry meaning
Morphemes
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Refers to the categories and rules for relating vocal symbols tot her referents
Sematics
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Combine meaningful utterances with social situations into appropriate messages.
Sociolinguistic rules
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The adoption of something new from another group
Borrowing / Diffusion
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Uses anthropological knowledge for planned change by those who are external to the local culture
Administrative anthro
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Uses anthropological knowledge for planned change by
the local cultural group.
Action anthro
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Uses anthropological knowledge by the anthropologist
to increase the power of self-determination of a particular cultural group
Advocate anthro
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The cultural knowledge of the supernatural that people use to cope with the ultimate problems of human existence.
Religion
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Emerge from universal features of
human life and include life’s meaning, death, evil, and transcendent values
Ultimate problems
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The term used in Polynesian and Melanesian belief, it represents a kind of freefloating
force lodged in many things and places
Mana
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Refers to the strategies people use to control supernatural
power
Magic
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Uses magic to cause harm. For example, some Bhil bhopas, who regularly
use magic for positive purposes, may also be hired to work revenge
Sorcery
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Is closely related to sorcery because both use supernatural force to
cause evil
Witchcraft
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A way to communicate with the supernatural. It usually
requires material objects or animals to provide answers to human-directed questions
Divination
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Religious specialists who directly control supernatural power. They may have personal relationships with spiritual beings or know powerful secret medicines and sayings. They are usually associated with curing.
Shamans
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Refers to a system of concepts and often unstated assumptions about
life.
worldview
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Deliberate, organized,
conscious efforts by members of a society to construct a more satisfying culture
revitalization movements
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American anthropologist; fieldwork in Indonesia & Morocco;
Known primarily for work on religion, theoretical problems of epistemology(philosophical questions about knowledge, knowing)
Clifford Geertz
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Polish- born anthropologist;
Known for his extensive fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands, off New Guinea, in the 1910s and 1920s
Bronislaw Malinowski
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the system of sounds that make a difference within a particular language
phonemic
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a universal set of descriptions of acoustic properties available for use in any language
phonetic
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Smallest linguistically significant unit of sound
bundles of distinctive features (what allows is to distinguish two “sounds”)
phonemes
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Examples: voicing, aspiration, point of contact/release, stop vs. fricative, etc. (consonants); nasal, lax vs. tense (short vs. long), high/mid/low, etc. (vowels)
phonemes
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curers who are possessed by or manipulate spirits. The term comes from saman, or “knowledgeable person,” of the Tungusic languages of Siberia and Manchuria
Shamans
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Asks, How does it help a culture meet the basic physiological and psychological human needs of its individual members (food, shelter/safety, reproduction, relaxation, growth, movement, bodily comfort)? (Bronislaw Malinowski)
Views societies as organic wholes and asks, What is the functionof institutions and patterns of belief and custom within the whole? (A.R. Radcliffe-Brown)
Functionalism
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The predominant approach of British anthropology and much of American anthropology from the 1930s to the 1960s
•Still a useful approach combined with others, but has limitations on its own
•Often criticized for assuming coherence and stability, i.e., the fallacyof thinking that societies are systems of adaptive parts
Functionalism
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Stresses cultural meaning and symbols, “emic” connections, NOT function
•School of linguistics associated with Ferdinand de Saussure, Roman Jakobson, Emile Benveniste
•School of anthropology associated especially with Claude Lévi-Strauss
STRUCTURALISM
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both men and women exhibit and value peaceful mild, nurturing personalities and take equal roles in child rearing
Arapesh
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both men and women exhibit and value relatively aggressive, fierce personalities
Mundugumor
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men are mild-mannered, emotional dependent, vain, detached from daily subsistence activities; women are aggressive and powerful, practical, sexually dominant
Tchambuli
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male symptoms or behaviorsduring wife’s pregnancy
Couvade
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the structure of one's native language strongly influences or fully determines one’s world view
Linguistic determinism
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differences in languages will be paralleled in habits or tendencies of thought
linguistic relativity
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