Anthro Final

Additional meanings that are associated with a word or phrase

Express important truths

A narrative, often involving supernatural beings, actions, or events, that express popular ideas about nature and society.

The principle that an individual's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture

Judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture

A defensive psychological response to prolonged interaction with another culture

Begin to think that our own culture is inferior to that of our hosts

Picking up the prejudices of our hosts

Disorientation and dissociation the traveler experiences upon returning to the social and cultural scene that s/he considers "home"

Working for or against change

The invention of qualitatively new forms

Culture change occurs with

Uses knowledge to make social interaction more predictable among people who operate with different culture

Anything that we can perceive with our senses that stands for something else

A system of cultural knowledge used to generate and interpret speech.

The behavior that produces vocal sounds.

Consists of the categories and rules for forming vocal symbols

The minimal categories of speech sounds that serve to keep utterances apart

Refers to the categories and rules for combining vocal symbols

The categories in any language that carry meaning

Refers to the categories and rules for relating vocal symbols tot her referents

Combine meaningful utterances with social situations into appropriate messages.

The adoption of something new from another group

Uses anthropological knowledge for planned change by those who are external to the local culture

Uses anthropological knowledge for planned change by
the local cultural group.

Uses anthropological knowledge by the anthropologist
to increase the power of self-determination of a particular cultural group

The cultural knowledge of the supernatural that people use to cope with the ultimate problems of human existence.

Emerge from universal features of
human life and include life’s meaning, death, evil, and transcendent values

The term used in Polynesian and Melanesian belief, it represents a kind of freefloating
force lodged in many things and places

Refers to the strategies people use to control supernatural
power

Uses magic to cause harm. For example, some Bhil bhopas,  who regularly
use magic for positive purposes, may also be hired to work revenge

Is closely related to sorcery because both use supernatural force to
cause evil

A way to communicate with the supernatural. It usually
requires material objects or animals to provide answers to human-directed questions

Religious specialists who directly control supernatural power. They may have personal relationships with spiritual beings or know powerful secret medicines and sayings. They are usually associated with curing.

Refers to a system of concepts and often unstated assumptions about
life.

Deliberate, organized,
conscious efforts by members of a society to construct a more satisfying culture

American anthropologist; fieldwork in Indonesia & Morocco; 
Known primarily for work on religion, theoretical problems of epistemology(philosophical questions about knowledge, knowing)

Polish- born anthropologist; 
Known for his extensive fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands, off New Guinea, in the 1910s and 1920s

sounds

grammar

meaning, words

the system of sounds that make a difference within a particular language

a universal set of descriptions of acoustic properties available for use in any language

Smallest linguistically significant unit of sound

bundles of distinctive features (what allows is to distinguish two “sounds”)

Examples: voicing, aspiration, point of contact/release, stop vs. fricative, etc. (consonants); nasal, lax vs. tense (short vs. long), high/mid/low, etc. (vowels)

curers who are possessed by or manipulate spirits. The term comes from saman, or “knowledgeable person,” of the Tungusic languages of Siberia and Manchuria

Asks, How does it help a culture meet the basic physiological and psychological human needs of its individual members (food, shelter/safety, reproduction, relaxation, growth, movement, bodily comfort)? (Bronislaw Malinowski) 


Views societies as organic wholes and asks, What is the functionof institutions and patterns of belief and custom within the whole? (A.R. Radcliffe-Brown)

The predominant approach of British anthropology and much of American anthropology from the 1930s to the 1960s
•Still a useful approach combined with others, but has limitations on its own
•Often criticized for assuming coherence and stability, i.e., the fallacyof thinking that societies are systems of adaptive parts

Stresses cultural meaning and symbols, “emic” connections, NOT function
•School of linguistics associated with Ferdinand de Saussure, Roman Jakobson, Emile Benveniste
•School of anthropology associated especially with Claude Lévi-Strauss

both men and women exhibit and value peaceful mild, nurturing personalities and take equal roles in child rearing

both men and women exhibit and value relatively aggressive, fierce personalities

men are mild-mannered, emotional dependent, vain, detached from daily subsistence activities; women are aggressive and powerful, practical, sexually dominant

male symptoms or behaviorsduring wife’s pregnancy

 
the structure of one's native language strongly influences or fully determines one’s world view

 
differences in languages will be paralleled in habits or tendencies of thought