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Urine acidifiers
- Methionine (Methigel)
- Ammonium chloride (Uroeeze)
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Urine alkalinizer
Potassium citrate (Urocit K)
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Xanthene oxidase inhibitor
How it works and example
- Decrease the production of uric acid
- Allopurinol (Lopurin)
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Loss of voluntary control over micturition
Urinary incontinence
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Neurologic urinary incontinence causes
- Trauma to spinal cord
- Tumors in nervous system tract
- Degeneration of the nervous system tracts
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Nonneurologic urinary incontinence causes
- Hormone responsive incontinence
- Stress incontinence
- Ectopic ureters
- Urinary bladder overdistension
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Cholinergic agonists used for urinary incontinence
How they work and drug example
- Treat spinal cord bladders by stimulating action of acetylcholine by direct stimulation of cholinergic receptors
- EX: Bethanechol
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Anticholinergics used for urinary incontinence
How they work and drug examples
- Promoting urine retention in the urinary bladder by blocking acetylcholine and causing muscle relaxation
- EX: Propantheline, dicyclomine, and butyl hyoscine (Buscpan)
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Adrenergic antagonists used for urinary incontinence
How it works, drug examples, and side effects
- Decrease the tone of internal urethral spinchters by blocking epinephrine or norepinephrine from binding to their receptors
- EX: Phenoxybenzamine, prazosin
- Side effects: Weakness due to decreased blood pressure
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Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
Use and side effects
- Treats hormone responsive incontinence
- Side effects: Bone marrow suppression, endometrial hyperplasia, pyometra
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Phenylpropanolamine (Proin)
Use, how it works, side effects
- Use:Treats urinary incontinence
- How it works: Alpha and beta adrenergic agonist that increases urethral tone
- Side effects: Restlessness, anorexia, hypertension
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Skeletal muscle relaxants used to treat urinary incontinence
Drug examples and side effects
- EX: Dantrolene, Diazepam
- Side effects: Sedation, dantrolene is also hepatotoxic
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Topical antibacterials used to treat superficial skin infections
- Nitrofurazone
- Mupirocin
- Gentamicin
- Bacitracin
- Polymyxin B
- Tobramycin
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Topical antifungals used to treat dermatophytes
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Nonsteroidal antipruritics
- Topical anesthetics: Lidocaine, benzocaine, tetracaine
- Soothing agents: Oatmeal
- Antihistamines: Diphenhydramine
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Topical corticosteroids
- Hydrocortisone
- Betamethasone
- Triamcinolone
- Prednisolone
- Dexamethasone
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Topical antiseborrhea agents, Keratolytics
- Sulfur
- Salicylic acid
- Coal tar
- Benzoyl peroxide
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Seborrhea accompanied by increased production of sebum
Seborrhea oleosa
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Seborrhea without increased production of oil
Seborrhea sicca
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Pilocarpine
Drug classification and use
- Miotic
- Treat open angle glaucoma, lower the intraocular pressure by increasing outflow of aqueous humor
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Acetazolamide
Drug classification, what it treats, and how it works
- Miotic
- Glaucoma
- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors- interfere with the production of carbonic acid and lead to decreased aqueous humor production
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Drug used to treat KCS
Optimmune
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Topical NSAID used to treat inflammation, usually after surgery
Flurbiprofen
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Inflammation of the pinna and external auditory canal
Otitis externa
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Dewaxing agents- cerumen softeners
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Topical antibiotic otic drugs
- Gentamicin
- Neomycin
- Polymyxin B
- Enrofloxacin
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Topical antiparasitic otic drugs
- Milbemycin oxime (Milbemite)
- Ivermectin (Acarexx)
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Topical antifungal otic agents
- Clotrimazole (Otomax)
- Mocinazole (Conofite)
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ABC in emergency situation
- A: establish airway
- B: breathe for the animal
- C: maintain circulation with thoracic compressions and IV fluids
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Drugs commonly used in emergency situations
- Atropine- anticholinergic
- Epinephrine- alpha and beta adrenergic agonist
- Sodium bicarbonate- buffer
- Mannitol- osmotic diuretic used to treat cerebral edema
- Prednisone sodium succinate- glucocorticoid
- Naloxone- opiate antagonist
- Lidocaine- antiarrhythmic/local anesthetic
- Calcium gluconate
- Diphenhydramine - antihistamine
- Doxapram – CNS/respiratory stimulant
- Diazepam- benzodiazepine used to treat seizures
- Vasopressin- antidiuretic hormone, vasoconstrictor
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Cholinergic drugs
How they work and side effects
- Mimic the action of acetylcholine (direct acting) or inhibit acetylcholine breakdown (indirect-acting)
- Side effects: Bradycardia, diarrhea, vomiting, and increased secretions
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Cholinergic drug examples
- Bethanechol: Direct acting used to treat GI and urinary atony
- Metoclopramide: Direct acting used to control vomiting and aid in gastric emptying
- Edrophonium (Tensilon): Indirect acting used to diagnose myasthenia gravis
- Neostigmine: Indirect acting used to treat rumen atony, intestinal atony, and urine retention
- Pilocarpine: Direct acting used to decrease IOP seen in glaucoma
- Organophosphates: Indirect acting used as an anti-parasitic, can be reversed with 2-PAM
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Effects and side effects of anticholinergic drugs
- Effects of anticholinergic drugs: Increases heart rate, dilates bronchi, decreases GI activity, causes mydriasis, decreases salivation and tear production
- Side effects: Tachycardia, constipation, dry mouth, dry eye, drowsiness
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Anticholinergic drug examples
- Atropine
- Glycopyrrolate
- Aminopentamide
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Naturally occurring catecholamines
- Epinephrine
- Norepinephrine
- Dopamine
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Adrenergic drug effects and side effects
Effects: Increases force of heart contraction, increases blood pressure, increases heart rate Side effects: Tachycardia, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias
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Injectable adrenergic drug that affects alpha-1, beta-1, and beta-2 receptors. Used to treat cardiac failure and anaphylaxis in emergencies.
Epinephrine
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Injectable adrenergic drug that affects alpha-1 and beta-1 receptors. Used to increase blood pressure in emergencies.
Norepinephrine
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Adrenergic drug that affects beta-1 receptors. Use to treat CHF, hypotension and shock in emergencies
Dopamine
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Adrenergic drug that affects beta-1 receptors. Used to treat hypotension
Dobutamine
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Injectable adrenergic drug that affects alpha-1 and beta-1 receptors. Used to treat urinary incontinence in dogs
Phenylpropanolamine
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Adrenergic drug that affects beta-2 receptors. Used to treat bronchospasm by producing bronchodilation
Albuterol
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Alpha blockers reversal agents
- Yohimbine
- Atipamezole (Antisedan)
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Beta blockers
- Propranolol: Used to treat cardiac arrhythmias
- Timolol: Used to treat glaucoma
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