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the immediate care given to an injured or suddenly ill person; doesnt take the place of proper medical care
first aid
-
things to have in your first aid kit
gloves and mask, once you use try to REPLACE, try to have a triangular bandage
-
ways to minimize the risk of a suit:
- -obtain the victim's CONSENT before touching him
- -Follow guidlines..do not do less and do not do more
- -explain any first aid you are about to give
- -once starting care for a victim, STAY with that person. you are legally bound to remain with the victim until care is turned over to an equally or better trained person
-
A first aider must have the victims ________ before giving first aid.
consent
-
2 types of consent
expressed and implied consent
-
who is does expressed consent apply too? and how do they give it?
conscious competant adult (aware, awake/18 yrs+/responsible); doesnt have to be verbal consent or written can be a nod of the head
-
who is implied response applied too?
- unconscious; those who cant respond
- involves an unresponsive victim with a life threatening condition
-
what do you do for minors?
assume implied consent if you can't find their parent or guardian
-
what do you do if someone refuses help?
document and get witness signature
-
Leaving a victim after starting to give help without ensuring continued care at the same level or higher...have to stay till help arrives once you have started
abandonment
-
how can you leave and it not be considered abandonment?
if you hand it over to someone of equal or higher trainin than you
-
not following the accepted standards of care, resulting in further injury to the victim
negligence
-
Negligence involves:
- 1. having a duty to act (required to give first aid)
- 2. breaching that duty (either by giving no care or by giving substandard care)
- 3. causing injury and damages
- 4. exceeding your level of training
-
No one is required to give first aid unless a legal ____ exists.
duty to act
-
Duty to act could apply in the following situations:
- -when employment requires it
- -when on duty
- -when a preexisting responsibility exists (for ex. a parent has a preexisting responsibility for a child, and a driver for a passenger)
-
Happens when a first aider fails to provide the type of care taht would be given by a person having the same or similar training
breach of duty
-
Two ways to breach one's duty:
acts of omission and act of commision
-
the failure to do what a reasonably prudent person with the same or similar training would do in the same or similar circumstances
act of omission
-
doing something that a reasonably prudent person would not do under the same or similar circumstances
act of commission
-
dont share any infor unless it is important for the ppl helping the victim
confidentiality
-
Laws designed to protect physicians and other medical personnel from legal actions that might arise from emergency treatment they provided while not in the line of duty; encourage ppl to assist others in distress by granting them immunity against lawsuits
good samaritan laws
-
The characteristics of emergencies
- dangerous
- unusual and rare
- different from one another
- unforeseen
- urgent
-
The ______ is a vital link between the ________ and the victim.
- bystander
- emergency medical services (ems)
-
Who recognizes a situation as an emergency and acts to help the victim
bystander
-
The series of decisions and actions quickly and reliably a bystander must do in an emergency
- 1. Recognizing the emergency
- 2. Deciding to help
- 3. Calling 9-1-1 if EMS is needed
- 3 1/2. Surveying the scene
- 4. Checking the victim
- 5. Giving first aid
-
What 3 questions must one answer in the surveying the scene step?
- 1. Are you going to be in any danger?
- 2. What caused the injury? (this step helps you THINK before you ACT!)
- 3. Number of victims?
-
If 9-1-1 is not available or is not used there what do you do?
Dial 0 for the operator or look in the front cover of a phonebook
-
reasons bystanders are less likely to offer help in emergencies in public places
- Lack of knowledge
- Confusion about what is an emergency
- Characteristics of the emergency
-
4 factors in realizing something is wrong with a victim
- Severity
- Physical distance
- Relationship
- Time exposed
-
When you call EMS, speak _____ and ______. What info do you need to be ready to give the dispatcher?
- slowly and clearly
- -the victims location
- -the phone numer you are calling from and your name
- -what happened
- -number of persons needing help and any special conditions
- -victim's condition
- **You do not hang up..let them hang up!**
-
Can be transmitted from one person to another; also known as _____
infectious disease; communicable diseases
-
A set of precautions givin by the CDC which advise you to assume that all blood and certain body fluids pose a risk for transmission of infectious diseases. *apply precautions in ALL situations in which you have contact with a victim.
universal precautions
-
Use ______ which is under the assumption that ALL body fluids are potentially infectious.
body substance isolation (BSI)
-
Infectious diseases can spread through:
- blood or fluid splash
- surface contamination
- lack of or improper handwashing
-
One of the simplest, yet most effectiove ways to control disease transmission.
handwashing
-
provides a barrier between the first aider and infectious diseases
personal protective equipment (PPE)
-
includes medical exam gloves, mouth-to-barrier devices, eye protection, and gowns
ppe
-
diseases carried by an infected person's blood
bloodborne diseases
-
the virus taht can cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); currently no vaccine available to prevent HIV infection
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus
-
spread by direct contact with infected blood; inflammation of the liver; vaccine available
hepatitis b virus HBV
-
can cause liver disease or cancer; cannot be cured, and there is no vaccine
hepatitis C virus
-
transmitted through the air by coughing or sneezing
airborne diseases
-
a chronic bacterialdisease that usually affects the lungs
tuberculosis
-
a potentially life threatening viral infection
SARS
-
5 stages of the grieving process
- 1. Denial
- 2. Anger
- 3. Bargaining
- 4. Depression
- 5. Acceptance
-
Oxygen from air is made available to the blood through the ________ and then to the body cells by the _______.
- Respiratory system
- Circulatory system
-
(food tube) which leads to the stomach
esophagus
-
air is routed from the pharynx to the _____; (windpipe) which leads to the lungs
trachea
-
the air we breath is ______; we exhale about ______
-
normal respiration rate ranges for adults, children, and infants
- adults 12-20 breaths per minute
- children 15-30 bpms
- infants 25-50 bpms
-
we breath less as ______ and more/faster as _____
adults; infants
-
normal heart beat rates for adults, children, toddlers, newborns
- adults 60-100 beats per min
- children 80-100 bpm
- toddlers 100-120 bpm
- newborns 120-140 bpm
-
the 4 chambers of the heart
left/right atrium and left/right ventricle
-
by relaxing and contracting pumps blood throught the vessels
heart
-
elastic, muscular tubes that carry blood AWAY from the heart
arteries
-
where oxygen and food pass out of the bloodstream into the stationary cells of the body, while the body cells discharge their waste products into the bloodstream; carbon dioxide is released and oxygen is absorbed
capillaries
-
empty blood returning from the body into the right atrium and blood from the lungs into the left atrium
veins
-
each time the heart contracts, the surge of blood can be felt as a ______ at any point where an artery lies close to the surface of the body, near the skin surface and over a bone
pulse
-
the majory artery of the NECK, which supplies the head with blood
carotid artery
-
the major artery of the THIGH supplying the lower extremities with blood (can be felt in the groin area)
femoral artery
-
the majory artery of the lower ARM (can be felt in the wrist)
radial artery
-
an artery of the UPPER ARM (can be felt on the inside of the arm)
brachial artery
-
located behind the inside ANKLE KNOB
posterior tibial artery
-
pulsations can be palpated on the top surface of the FOOT (20% of the population have no pulsations here)
dorsalis pedis artery
-
Blood comes to the heart on the ____ were the oxygen is ____ whereas the ____ side is ____ with oxygen
- right side; low
- left side; high
-
_____ become capillaries and capillaries become _____ which become ______.
-
where you can feel your pulse
arteries
-
can apply pressure to ___ to slow down blood flow
groin
-
____ has liquid and solid portions
blood
-
the liquid portion of the blood is called ______; it is 90% water; carries food materials picked up from the digestive tract and transports them to the body cells
plasma
-
the solid portion, which is transported by the plasma, includes dislike red blood cells; slightly larger, irregularly shaped white blood cells; and an immense number of smaller bodies called _____
platelets
-
give blood its color, carry oxygen to the organs
red blood cells
-
part of the body's defense against infection; can go whreever they are needed in the vody to fight infection
white blood cells
-
______ are essential for the formation of blood clots
platelets
-
a clear, watery solution similar to blood plasme that serves as a protective cushion and exchanges food and waste materials
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
-
the 33 bones of the spinal column (spine)
- 7 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- *5 sacrum and 4 coccyx= 9
-
the arms largest bone and the two bones of the forearm
- humerus
- ulna (bigger one) and radius
-
the skin consists of two layers:
- outter layer-epidermis
- inner layer-dermis
-
surveying the scene is followed by _____; the first thing you do with your victim that determines whether there are lifethreatening problems requiring quick care
initial check
-
the 4 step process to do during the initial check
- 1. determine if the victim is responsive
- 2. ensure that the victim's airway is open
- 3. determine if the victim is breathing: LOOK, LISTEN, FEEL for signs of breathing
- 4. check for any obvious, severe bleeding
-
CPR always begins with _____ and ends with ______
-
describes how reponsive a victim is
AVPU scale
-
AVPU scale
- Alert
- Verbal stimulus
- Painful stimulus
- Unresponsive to any stimulus
-
secondary survey includes what two things
- physical example
- SAMPLE history
-
essential in discovering what is wrong with the victim; start from head and work your way down
physical exam
-
two parts of the physical exam
- LAF (look and feel)
- DOTS (deformity, open wounds, tenderness, swelling)
-
a victims's conditions you can see, feel, hear, or smell
ex) bleeding
signs
-
things the victim feels and is able to describe; known as the chief complaint; have to be told
ex) headache
symptoms
-
SAMPLE history
- S symptoms
- A allergies
- M medications
- P past medical history
- L last oval intake
- E events leading up to the illness or injury
-
what is the recovery position
on their left side
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