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migration is structured by:
- emigration policies
- immigration policies (illegalization)
- labour recruitment, military intervention, and FDI
- colonialism and neocolonialism
- displacement (War, conflict, climate change)
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why study philippines?
- high rates of migration
- the philippines as the 'cool kids' of the block
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there are so many filipino migrant workes because
- colonialism helped create institutional precursors of emigration
- philippine state acts as a labour broker
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what does labour-brokering states do?
- recruit, train, certify workers for a range of jobs
- opens up new markets
- labour diplomacy
- regulate private labour brokers
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what are the similarities between Philippines and Mexican migration?
- high rates of emigration
- important source of remittances
- caused by structural links and neocolonial relationship with the US
- Both migrant groups subject to racial essentialism
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military intervention
invasion, support for rebels (or government) in civil conflicts
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foreign direct Investment
physical capital (factories, equipment, infrastructure) owned/built by foreign investors
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gender protectionist policies
- gender-specific policies enacted by states to 'protect' women
- philippine government: discouraged women from emigrating as hostesses to Japan
- japanese government: issued fewer entertainer visas to philippine nationals
- -this is an example of migration as foreign policy
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hostesses experience indentured mobility
no one forced these female migrants to do this job. They knew every aspect of this job + willingly took it
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why should we study the Syrian Refugee Crisis?
- forced migration (displacement by war, climate change) is likely to occur with more frequency
- exemplifies how countries deal with forced migration: 1) Canada: gendered refugee determination 2) EU: Externalization policies
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how Canada determines who is a 'real' refugee
- general eligibility
- filling out the forms
- interview
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How do structures of exclusion shape migrant experiences?
exclusion is structured along lines of race, gender, and class
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double punishment
noncitizens that are profiled and punished by criminal justice system, now also 'punished' second time by immigration system
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deportation doesn't usually stop people from re-migrating
- transnational ties (family, employer)
- economic opportunity loss and debt - "indentured mobility"
- stigma, shame and negative credentials
- "home" doesn't feel like home
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Why keep doing something that is expensive and doesn't work?
- immigration industrial complex
- produces pliable labour (social control)
- "border patrol capitalism"
- 'border solutions' produce more 'problems'
- neocolonialism and externalization policies
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how does foreign policy help us understand migration?
- social/political and economic structures linked not seperate
- migration a relation between nations: transnaitonal paradigm
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UN's definition of trafficking
- transportation of an individual
- transportation under conditions of fraud, force or deception
- transportation for purpose of exploitation (especially sexual exploitation), forced labour, or servitude
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