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stressors
specific events that place demands on a person
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stress
the physical and psychological response to internal or external stressors
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chronic stressors
sources of stress that occur continuously
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learned helplessness
the belief that one has no control over one's situation based on past experiences
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flight or fight resonse
an emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action
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general adaptation response
a three-stage physiological stress response that appears regardless of the stressor that is encountered
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type A behavior
the tendency toward easily aroused hostility, impatience, a sense of time urgency, and competitive achievement strivings
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burnout
a state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion created by long-term involvement in an emotionally demanding situation
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repressive coping
avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint
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rational coping
facing the stressor and working to overcome it
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referaming
finding a new or creative way to think about a stressor that reduces its threat
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meditation
the practice of intentional contemplation
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relaxation therapy
a technique for reducing body tension by consciously relaxing muscles of the body
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relaxation response
a condition of reduced muscle tension, cortical activity, heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure
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social support
the aid gain through interacting with others
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psychosomatic illlness
an interaction between mind and body that can produce illness
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sick role
a socially recognized set of rights and obligations linked with illness
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self-regulation
the exercise of voluntary control over the self to bring the self into line with preferred standards
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Hans Selye
- General Adaptation syndrome, studied with rates and exposed them to stressors
- Found that they have a similar pattern of response
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General Adaptation syndrome
- alarm rxn-release cortisol, flight or fight, sympathetic system aroused
- resistance- adapting to level of stress, immune function recovers
- exhaustion stage, long stressor exposure wears down resistance, alarm rxn signs reappear
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Studies about stress and immune system
- Barthrop- low immunity with high grief
- Stone-daily life and antibody levels
- Vistintainer- increase stress increase cancer
- Kiecult-Glaser-stress of caring for someone with a chronic illnese delays would recovery
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hardiness
- -sense of commitment rather than alienation
- -control rather than powerlessness
- -problems seen as challenges rather than threats
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Brady
studied control: monkeys are executives(uses levers to stop pain), he didn't use random assignment
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Weiss
studied control: used rats and electric shock
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Langar and Rodin
- studied control: used nursing home residents
- Control residents took care of plant and picked movies
- they lived longer than the non-controled
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Kraur
- studied internet usage:negatively correlated with communication with family and social circle
- internet usage positively correlated with depressions and loneliness
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Social support and heart attack
heart attack victims have slower recoveries if spouse is not supportive
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Cognitive Primary appraisal
is this important to me?
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Cognitive Secondary appraisal
what strategy can I use to maximize positive outcomes and minimize negative outcomes
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Coping Strategies
- problem focused coping
- emotion-focused coping- when you don't have control
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Coping techniques
- thought suppression
- relaxation
- aerobic exercise
- thinking positively and optimistically
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Explanatory styles
- failure seen as global, stable, internal
- success seen as external, temporary, specific
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