-
Logic
Organized body of knowledge, or science, that evaluates arguments.
-
Argument
A group of premises lead to a conclusion
-
Statement
A sentence that is either true or false. Typically a declarative sentence or a sentence component that could stand as a declarative sentence.
-
Truth Values
The 2 possible truth values of a statement are: Truth and Falsity
-
Premises
The statements that set forth the reasons or evidence.
-
Conclusion
The statement that the evidence is claimed to support or imply.
The statement that is claimed to follow from the premises.
-
Conclusion Indicators
- Therefore
- Wherefore
- Thus
- Consequently
- We may infer
- Accordingly
- We may conclude
- It must be that
- For this reason
- So
- Entails that
- Hence
- It follows that
- Implies that
- As a result
-
Premise Indicators
- Since
- As indicated by
- Because
- For
- In that
- May be inferred from
- As
- Given that
- Seeing that
- For the reason that
- Inasmuch as
- Owing to
-
Inference
The reasoning process expressed by an argument (narrow sense)
Inference - argument (broad sense)
-
Proposition
The meaning or information content of a statement. (Narrow sense)
Proposition - statement (Broad sense)
-
Syllogistic Logic
Kind of logic in which the fundamental elements are terms, and arguments are evaluated as good or bad depending on how the terms are arranged in the argument.
-
Modal Logic
Kind of logic that involves such concepts as possibility, necessity, belief, and doubt.
-
Factual Claim
A claim that something is true; a claim that evidence or reasons are being presented.
-
Inferential Claim
The claim that the passage expresses a certain kind of reasoning process - that something supports or implies something or that something follows from something.
- Explicit - argument (thus, since, because)
- Implicit - no indicator words
-
Warning
Form of expression that is intended to put someone on guard against a dangerous or detrimental situation.
-
Piece of advice
Form of expression that makes a recommendation about some future decision or course of conduct.
-
Statement of belief (Opinion)
An expression about what someone happens to believe or think about something.
-
Loosely Associated Statements
Lack a claim that one of them is proved by the others.
-
Report
A group of statements that convey information about some topic or event.
-
Expository passage
A kind of discourse that begins with a topic sentence followed by one or more sentences that develop the topic sentence.
-
-
Illustrations
An expression involving one or more examples that is intended to show what something means or how it is done.
-
Arguments from example
An argument that purports to prove something by giving one or more examples of it.
-
Explanation
An expression that purports to shed light on some event or phenomenon.
-
Explanandum
Statement that describes the event or phenomenon to be explained.
-
Explanans
The statement or group of statements that purports to do the explaining.
-
Conditional statement
An "if...then..." statement
-
Antecedent
The component of a conditional statement immediately following the word "if"
-
Consequent
The component of a conditional statement following the word "then"
-
Sufficient Condition
The condition represented by the antecedent in a conditional statement.
-
Necessary Condition
The condition represented by the consequent in a conditional statement.
-
Deductive Argument
An argument incorporating the claim that it is impossible for the conclusions to be false given that the premises are true.
-
Inductive Argument
An argument incorporating the claim that it is improbable that the conclusion be false given the premises are true.
-
Argument based on mathematics
An argument in which the conclusion depends on some purely arithmetic or geometric computation or measurement.
-
Argument from definition
An argument in which the conclusion is claimed to depend merely on the definition of some word or phrase used in the premise or conclusion.
-
Categorical syllogism
A syllogism (an argument consisting of exactly 2 premises and 1 conclusion) in which each statement begins with one of the words "all", "no", or "some".
-
Hypothetical Syllogism
Syllogism having a conditional statement for one or both of its premises.
-
Disjunctive Syllogism
Syllogism having a disjunctive statement for one of its premises.
(an "either...or..." statement)
-
Prediction
An argument that proceeds from our knowledge of the past to a claim about the future.
-
Argument from analogy
An argument that depends on the existence of an analogy, or similarity, between 2 things or states of affairs.
-
Generalization
An argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a selected sample to some claim about the whole group.
-
Argument from authority
An argument that concludes something is true because a presumed expert or witness has said that it is.
-
Argument based on signs
An argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a sign to a claim about the thing or situation that the sign symbolizes.
-
Casual Inference
An argument that proceeds from knowledge of a cause to a claim about an effect, or conversely from knowledge of an effect to a claim about a cause.
-
Particular Statement
One that makes a claim about one or more particular members of a class.
-
General Statement
Makes a claim about all the members of a class.
-
Valid Deductive Argument
An argument in which it's impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true.
-
Invalid Deductive Argument
A deductive argument in which it is possible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true.
-
Sound Argument
A deductive argument that is valid and has all true premises.
-
Unsound Argument
A deductive argument that is invalid, has one or more false premises, or both.
-
Strong Inductive Argument
An inductive argument in which it is improbable that the conclusion be false given that the premises are true.
-
Weak Inductive Argument
An argument in which the conclusion does not follow probably from the premises, even though it is claimed to.
-
Cogent Argument
An inductive argument that is strong and has all true premises
-
Uncogent Argument
An inductive argument that's weak, has 1 or more false premises, or both
-
Argument Form
An arrangement of words and letters such that the uniform substitution of terms or statements in place of the letters results in an argument.
-
Substitution Instance
An argument or statement that has the same form as a given argument form or statement form.
-
Counterexample Method
A method for providing invalidity - consists in constructing a substitution instance having true premises and false conclusion.
-
Rational
Truth or Falsity of a statement is found in the mind or brain.
-
Necessary
Can't be otherwise.
(Either necessarily true or necessarily false)
-
Tautology
A necessarily true statement.
-
Self - contradiction
A necessarily false statement.
-
-
Analytic
The grammatical subject is contained in the grammatical predicate.
-
Empirical
Truth or falsity of a statement is found in the world.
-
Contingent
The truth or falsity of a statement depends on the conditions that exist in the world.
-
-
Synthetic
The grammatical subject is not contained in the grammatical predicate .
-
Logical Possibility
Any statement that does not contain a contradiction is logically possible
|
|