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Word Roots
Hydro = water
Iso = equal
Carb = coal
Enanti = opposite
Sulf = Sulfur
Thilo = Sulfur
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Organic Chemistry
- Chemistry that specializes in the study of carbon compounds.
- (i.e. simple molecules, such as methane CH4, to colossal ones, such as proteins with thousands of atoms.)
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Hydrocarbon
- Organic molecules consisting of hydrogen and carbon only.
- (Hydrocarbons are major components of fossil fuel, consisting of partially decomposed remains of million-year old organisms. Hydrocarbon not prevalent in living organisms, but some molecules consists of them. Ex. Fat (long hydrocarbon tails attached to non-hydrocarbons) and petroleum do not dissolve in water (hydrophobic), because bonds are nonpolar carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.
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Isomer
compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties. 3 TYPES: Structural, Geometric, and Enantiomers.
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Structural Isomer
same molecular formula but different in covalent arrangement of carbon skeletons (different covalent partners). Ex. 2 five carbon compounds have different structure; hence, different properties.
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Geometric Isomer
Same covalent partnerships, but they differ in their spatial arrangement.
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Enantiomer
- Isomers that are mirror images of each other.
- (Figure 4.7 carbon is called the asymmetric carbon because it is attached to four atoms/groups of atoms. These can be arranged diff. in space, which will have mirror images of each other.)
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Functional Group
- Chemical group that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions.
- (7 chemical groups most imp. in biological processes are the hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino,
- sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl groups.
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Hydroxyl Group (Functional Group)
- Structure: OH---- or HO-----, hydrogen bonded to an oxygen, in turn bonded to a Carbon skeleton of an organic molecule. (not confused with hydroxide ion, OH-)
- Name of Compound: Alcohols
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Alcohol
- Part of chemical group Hydroxyl. Specific names usually end in -ol.
- EX: Ethanol : alcohol presented in alcohol beverages.
- Functional Properties: polar as a result of electrons spending more time near the electronegative oxygen atom and can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars.
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Carbonyl Group
- Structure: carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond (leaving carbon to bond with 2 atoms).
- Name of Compound: Ketones: if the carbonyl group is within the carbon skeleton. Aldehydes: if carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton.
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Aldehyde
- Carbonyl Group. Ex. Propanal. (carbonyl group is at the end of the skeleton)
- Aldehydes and Ketones are structural isomers that may have different properties, as in the case for propanal and acetone.
- 2 Groups are also found in sugars, 2 major sugars: aldoses (containing an aldehyde) and ketoses (containing a ketone).
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Ketone
Carbonyl Group: Simplest Ketone is Acetone. (carbonyl group is in the middle of the carbon skeleton).
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Carboxyl Group (hydroxyl + carbonyl = carboxyl)
- Oxygen is double bonded to a carbon atom that is also bonded to a hydroxyl (---OH) group.
- Name of Compound: Carboxylic Acid or organic acids.
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Carboxylic Acid (Carboxyl Group) (oxygen === Carbon ------OH)
- Example: Acetic Acid: which gives vinegar its sour taste.
- Functional Properties:
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Amino Group
- ---NH2 consists of nitrogen atom bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton.
- (AMINES)
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Amine
Ex. Glycine: because it also has a carboxyl group (Pg. 64 and Pg. 65) Study Diagram.
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