GEOG 103 - Week 2 (Radiation)

• 1. Gamma rays
• 2. X-rays
• 3. Ultra-violet
• 4. Visible light
• 5. Near infrared
• 6. Shortwave infrared
• 7. Thermal infrared
• 8. Microwave
• 9. Radio waves

• 1. Violet
• 2. Indigo
• 3..Blue
• 4. Green
• 5. Yellow
• 6. Orange
• 7. Red

ROY G BIV backwards

K = °C + 273.15

• The temperature at which no energy is radiated
• this is 0 K or -273.15 °C

°F = (°C x 1.8) + 32

°C = (°F - 32)/1.8

The relationship between wavelength and temperature

♤max = C/T

• ♤max - wavelength of radiated energy
• C - constant (2897 um K)
• T - absolute (K) temperature

The relationship of intensity of emitted energy to absolute temperature

E = €○T4 (power of 4)

• E - total emitted energy
• € - surface emissivity (assume 1.00)
• ○ - Stefan-Boltzman's constant
• 5.67 x 10 to the -8 times Wm to the-2 times K to the -4)
• T - absolute temperature

• 78% Nitrogen
• 21% Oxygen
• 0.9% Argon
• 0.04% Carbon Dioxide

The atmospheric profile can be divided into shells (layers) based on

• 1. Composition: Homosphere and Heterosphere
• 2. Temperature: Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere and Thermosphere
• 3. Function: Ozonosphere and Ionosphere

Both make up the composition layer of the atmospheric profile.

The homosphere is the inner atmosphere where gases are evenly blended.

The heterosphere is the outer atmosphere whereby gases are sorted by gravity and appear in layers

• 1. Troposphere: from the surface to 18 kilometers
• contains 90% of the mass of the atmosphere
• 2. Stratosphere: 18 to 50 kilometer altitude
• Kittinger vs Baumgartner
• 3. Mesosphere: 50 to 80 kilometer altitude
• 4. Thermosphere: from 80 kilometers outwards
• roughly same as the heterosphere

• 1. Ozonosphere: Layer exists within the Stratosphere.
• Ozone (O3) within this layer absorbs UV energy and converts it to heat energy

• 2. Ionosphere: Same altitude as Mesosphere and Thermosphere
• This layer absorbs cosmic rays, gamma rays, x-rays and some UV rays

• 1. Transmitted: the energy passes through the atmosphere
• 2. Redirected in several ways including being scattered and reflected
• 3. Absorbed:

When light bounces back from an object that is smaller than the wavelength of light in a different direction and intensity.

When light is bent as it enters a medium where its speed is different

When light bounces back from an object in the same direction with the same intensity. Albedo of an object determines the percentage of insolation that is reflected.

31%

That means that 69% of the suns rays are absorbed.

Law of conservation of energy: energy is lost during one process must equal the energy gained during another

Heat is energy in the process of being transferred from one object to another because of temperature difference. After heat is transferred, it is stored as internal energy

• 1. Conduction - molecule to molecule transfer
• 2. Convection - energy transferred by movement (vertical)
• 3. Radiation - energy traveling through air or space
• 4. Latent heat - phase changes

Delays transfer of heat from Earth into space

Q* = (Kdown - Kup) + (Ldown - Lup)

• Kdown = incoming isolating
• Kup = reflected insolation
• Ldown = incoming longwave radiation
• Lup = outgoing longwave radiation

a = Kup / Kdown