GEOG 103 - Reviewer 1a

It looks at problems from all angles.

King Louie 14th asked Cassini to map France. Cassini realized that one degree latitude in the north of France was not the same as 1 degree latitude in the south. Cassini predicted it was egg shaped whereas Newton predicted it was grapefruit shaped. The French went around the world and particularly to the equator and did measurements and found out that the earth was more like the grapefruit shape that Newton predicted.

Approximately 22 degrees north

You would think that since December 21st is the shortest day of the year that it would be the coldest as well because the northern hemisphere is receiving the least amount of energy. However, the coldest day is not until January 19th. This is because the northern hemisphere is covered with ice and water does not change is temperature easily. It remains in the cooling phase even after Dec. 21st.

In the thermosphere, the closer you get to earth the more gamma rays have been absorbed and the cooler it gets. In the stratosphere, the closer you get the earth the more UV rays have been absorbed and therefore it gets cooler.

Stefan Boltzmann law measures the relationship of intensity of emitted energy to absolute temperature

E = €oT4 (power of 4)

• E = total energy emitted
• € = surface emissivity (assume 10)
• o = stefan-boltzmann constant
• (5.67 x 10-8Wm-2K-4)
• T = absolute temperature

Enter 0 for T

• E = €o04
• E = 0

It is a system that keeps the Earth's temperature in equilíbrium so that it won't overheat. If 100 watts of energy goes in, then 100 watts will also go out.

Secondary pollutants are primary pollutants that react with each other to become another type of pollutant.

They can have effects on people's respiratory systems and they also affect visibility

• Because Venus has a much thicker atmosphere than Mars does, therefore it traps more heat inside.
• Venus : 96% of a large atmosphere
• Mars : 96% of a small atmosphere

• Northern Hemisphere: the wind will deflect to the right
• southern hemisphere: the wind will deflect to the left

this is called Coriolis force

• A cyclone is a wind that moves around a low pressure
• an anticyclone is a wind moves around a high pressure

Always from high to low pressure

It brings warm water to Europe creating a temperate climate.

As the poles melt, more fresh cold water is added to the oceans. since fresh water is not as heavy as salt water, it will float and cause the oceanic conveyor belt to slow down and stop, meaning that the Gulf stream will no longer exist to heat up Europe.

High (cool): descending and diverging

Low (warm): ascending and converging

The land cools first

It is named for the direction in which it is coming from. For example, if it is headed to wards the sea from the land, it is called a land breeze. If it is headed towards the land from the sea, it is called a sea breeze.

As hot air at the equator moves towards the poles, it descents at 30 degrees and diverges, sending some air back to the equator and some towards the poles. .

• 78% of Earth's atmosphere is nitrogen.
• Nitrogen (N2) has an atomic mass of 14.
• 14 x 2 molecules of nitrogen = atomic mass of 28.

• If you add water H2Oto the atmosphere
• Hydrogen has an atomic mass of 1
• 1 x 2 hydrogen molecules = 2
• Oxygen has an atomic mass of 16

16 + 2 = 18

So H2O has an atomic mass of 18 whereas N2 has an atomic mass of 28 making dry air heavier than most air.

Because hydrogen bonding causes the molecules to form an ordered crystal that spaces the molecules farther apart than they were when they were in liquid form. This makes ice less dense than water allowing it to float.

The amount of moisture in the air over how much it can hold

Latent heat of melting

Latent heat of vaporization

When the air parcel reaches 100% humidity, latent heat of condensation causes the temperature to increase.

Smaller cloud droplets coalesce and become larger cloud droplets. larger droplets fall, collide with smaller slower droplets and coalesce. Then they grow in size, break up, collide and coalesce.

Ice crystals attatch to dust particles. They attract more moisture and grow in size and then they descend.

• 1. Saturation
• 2. A surface to stick to

• When RH reaches 100 and the temperate is below 0, condensation appears on surfaces in the form of frost.
• When the temperature is above 0, condensation appears on surfaces in the form of dew.

The occurance of weak trade winds which causes the warm water in the western Pacific Ocean to migratw to the Eastern Pacific Ocean close to Peru. This causes drought in places like the Philippines and flooding in the Americas.

Without the nutrient rich cold water that usually flows to the islands, the food chain on the Galapagos Islands is disrupted. Rising sea levels cause the sea weed that they eat to be in short supply and many perish.

Because it is holistic and eclectic. It not only studies physical changes on Earth such as weather patterns, but also studies how these changes have an impact on human beings and society in general.

1. Because the Gregorian calendar does not accurately align with the changing of the seasons and moves the solstices ahead by 6 hours every year. Therefore there is a leap year to reset the calendar every 4 years.

2. Because Earth's axial tilt fluctuates between 22.1 and 24.5 degrees

Wiens displacement law measures the relationship between wavelength and temperature

Ascending air cools buy expansion and descending air warms by compression