anatomy lecture

ability of the body to maintain equilibrium

• continuous feedback:
• self-corrective mechanism

• discontinuous feedback
• self-amplifying cycle
• can be harmful/ life threatening

• fever
• expulsion of allergens (sneezing/coughing)
• birthing
• blood clot formation

• interaction of opposing (antagonistic) responses
• key to negative feedback

anything that allows work to happen

energy of motion, energy that is actually doing work

• energy that is contained in an object because of position or internal state
• not doing work at the time.

• endothermic
• requires energy

• exothermic
• produces energy

anything that has mass and occupies space

number of protons in nucleus

number of protons and neutrons

atomic mass minus atomic number

• loss of one or more electrons
• forms a cation (positively charged atom)

• gaining of one or more elections
• produces an anion (negatively charged atom)

transfer of one or more electrons

sharing of one or more electrons

unequal sharing of electrons

equal sharing of electons between atoms

• 1. single non-polar: two atoms of same atomic number share a single pair of electrons
• 2. double non-polar: when two atoms of same atomic number share at least two pairs of electrons
• 3. triple non-polar: two atoms of same atomic number, share at least three pars of electrons

• when hydrogen atom acts as a link between two other atoms
• weak bridge

• link formed by the association of 2 sulfure atoms found to separate amino acids
• usually strong

soluable inorganic compunds whose ions may conduct an electric current in a solution or along a membrane

• hydrophilic
• hydrophobic

water loving molecules that will dissolve in water

water fearing molecules that do not dissolve in water

complex of a solvent and one or more solute

fluid medium - usually water

• dissolved substance in the solvent
• sugar, salt, proteins

dissociation of a molecule (water) ina ssolution to form ions (H+) and [OH-]

when dissolved in asolution, increase the hydronium (H+) ion, or that decrease hydroxyl ([OH-]) concnetration in the solution

when dissolved ina solution, increase the hydroxyl [OH-] ion, or decrease the hydronium (H+) ion

equal ratio of [H+] and [OH-]

• basic substrate of most biologically active molecules
• alkenes, alkynes

primary used to produce cellular energy in teh form of ATP, can aslo be used to form fats, proteins, nucleic acids

molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural configuration

• dehydration syntheses (condensation)
• linking molecules (build up) by removing water forming chemical bod

anabolism used to linke two hexose (monomers) molecules

• hydrolysis (hydration)
• breakdown of multiple units into individual building blocks by introducing water to split molecules apart

two hexose sugars linked together by glycosidic bond

many sugars

• types:
• glycogen, starches, cellulose, chitin, oligosaccharides

polymer of many glucose molecules (animal starch)

• similar to glycogen but produced by plants
• digestible by humans

• fiber similar to glycogen but produced by plants
• not digestible by humans due to lack of enzyme cellulase

found in fungi and int he exoskeletons of all arthropods

• brnached polysaccharide
• cell membrane antigens

• fats
• essential as source of energy reserves, insulation of neurons

support, movement, transport, acid/base buffering, defense mechanism, metabolic regulation, coordination, controls trait expressions

polymers of amino acids linked together by many peptide bods and are most abundant organic compound in the body

protein sub-units

• hydrocarbon group
• carboxylic acid group (COOH-)
• anime group (NH3)

• primary structure
• secondary structure
• tertiary structure
• quaternary structure

• straight polypeptide chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bods
• formed as a result of dehydration synthesis reaction at the amine group side and carboxylic acid group side

• reconfiguration of a primary structure in which hydrogen bonds alter the shape of the polypeptide chain into
• alpha helix: long twisted coil of molecules (collagen, alpha chains of hemoglobin)
• beta pleated sheats: fibrous configuration that appears pleated (silk and beta chains of hemoglobin)

• irregular contortions from bonding between side chains (rgroups) or varius amino acides
• hydrophobic interaction
• disulfide bridge
• van der waals interactions

weak chemical bond formed when molecules taht do not mix with water, coalesce to exclude the water

strong covalent bonds that form between two cysteine monomers, amino acids, with sulfahydryl groups on their side chains

weak attrction between molecules or parts of molecules that are brought about by localized charge fluctuations and ionic bonds

• develops when separate polypeptide subunits (two or more tertiary configuration) interact to form a larger molecule
• fibrous proteins: collagen, sik, actin, elastin
• globular proteins: hemoglobin, immunoglobulins

complex polymer of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis resulting in the formation of phosphodiester bonds linking the pentose sugar of one nucleotide to the pentose sugar of other molecule

• sugar: either deoxyribose or ribose (pentose)
• phosphate
• nitrogenous base: adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cystosine (C)

[thymine(T) in DNA, uracil (U) in RNA]

• pyrimidine: 6ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms: cytosine, thymine, uracil
• purine: 6ring of carbon and nitrogen fused to 5ring: adenine, guanine