-
homeostasis
ability of the body to maintain equilibrium
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negative feedback
- continuous feedback:
- self-corrective mechanism
-
positive feedback
- discontinuous feedback
- self-amplifying cycle
- can be harmful/ life threatening
-
examples of positive feedback
- fever
- expulsion of allergens (sneezing/coughing)
- birthing
- blood clot formation
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synergy
- interaction of opposing (antagonistic) responses
- key to negative feedback
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energy
anything that allows work to happen
-
kinetic energy
energy of motion, energy that is actually doing work
-
potential energy
- energy that is contained in an object because of position or internal state
- not doing work at the time.
-
endergonic
- endothermic
- requires energy
-
exergonic
- exothermic
- produces energy
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matter
anything that has mass and occupies space
-
atomic number
number of protons in nucleus
-
atomic mass
number of protons and neutrons
-
neutron number
atomic mass minus atomic number
-
oxidation
- loss of one or more electrons
- forms a cation (positively charged atom)
-
reduction
- gaining of one or more elections
- produces an anion (negatively charged atom)
-
ionic bonding
transfer of one or more electrons
-
covalent
sharing of one or more electrons
-
polar
unequal sharing of electrons
-
nonpolar
equal sharing of electons between atoms
- 1. single non-polar: two atoms of same atomic number share a single pair of electrons
- 2. double non-polar: when two atoms of same atomic number share at least two pairs of electrons
- 3. triple non-polar: two atoms of same atomic number, share at least three pars of electrons
-
hydrogen bods
- when hydrogen atom acts as a link between two other atoms
- weak bridge
-
di-sulfide bond
- link formed by the association of 2 sulfure atoms found to separate amino acids
- usually strong
-
electrolytes
soluable inorganic compunds whose ions may conduct an electric current in a solution or along a membrane
-
-
hydrophilic
water loving molecules that will dissolve in water
-
hydrophobic
water fearing molecules that do not dissolve in water
-
solutions
complex of a solvent and one or more solute
-
solvent
fluid medium - usually water
-
solute
- dissolved substance in the solvent
- sugar, salt, proteins
-
ionization
dissociation of a molecule (water) ina ssolution to form ions (H+) and [OH-]
-
acidic substances
when dissolved in asolution, increase the hydronium (H+) ion, or that decrease hydroxyl ([OH-]) concnetration in the solution
-
basic (alkaline) substances
when dissolved ina solution, increase the hydroxyl [OH-] ion, or decrease the hydronium (H+) ion
-
neutral substance
equal ratio of [H+] and [OH-]
-
hydrocarbons
- basic substrate of most biologically active molecules
- alkenes, alkynes
-
carbohydrates
primary used to produce cellular energy in teh form of ATP, can aslo be used to form fats, proteins, nucleic acids
-
isomers
molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural configuration
-
anabolism
- dehydration syntheses (condensation)
- linking molecules (build up) by removing water forming chemical bod
-
glycosidic bond
anabolism used to linke two hexose (monomers) molecules
-
catabolism
- hydrolysis (hydration)
- breakdown of multiple units into individual building blocks by introducing water to split molecules apart
-
disaccharides
two hexose sugars linked together by glycosidic bond
-
polysaccharides
many sugars
- types:
- glycogen, starches, cellulose, chitin, oligosaccharides
-
glyocgen
polymer of many glucose molecules (animal starch)
-
starches
- similar to glycogen but produced by plants
- digestible by humans
-
cellulose
- fiber similar to glycogen but produced by plants
- not digestible by humans due to lack of enzyme cellulase
-
chitin
found in fungi and int he exoskeletons of all arthropods
-
oligosaccharides
- brnached polysaccharide
- cell membrane antigens
-
lipids
- fats
- essential as source of energy reserves, insulation of neurons
-
proteins
support, movement, transport, acid/base buffering, defense mechanism, metabolic regulation, coordination, controls trait expressions
polymers of amino acids linked together by many peptide bods and are most abundant organic compound in the body
-
amino acids
protein sub-units
- hydrocarbon group
- carboxylic acid group (COOH-)
- anime group (NH3)
-
protein configurations
- primary structure
- secondary structure
- tertiary structure
- quaternary structure
-
primary structure
- straight polypeptide chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bods
- formed as a result of dehydration synthesis reaction at the amine group side and carboxylic acid group side
-
secondary structure
- reconfiguration of a primary structure in which hydrogen bonds alter the shape of the polypeptide chain into
- alpha helix: long twisted coil of molecules (collagen, alpha chains of hemoglobin)
- beta pleated sheats: fibrous configuration that appears pleated (silk and beta chains of hemoglobin)
-
tertiary structure
- irregular contortions from bonding between side chains (rgroups) or varius amino acides
- hydrophobic interaction
- disulfide bridge
- van der waals interactions
-
hydrophobic interaction
weak chemical bond formed when molecules taht do not mix with water, coalesce to exclude the water
-
disulfide bridge
strong covalent bonds that form between two cysteine monomers, amino acids, with sulfahydryl groups on their side chains
-
van der waals interactions
weak attrction between molecules or parts of molecules that are brought about by localized charge fluctuations and ionic bonds
-
quaternary structure
- develops when separate polypeptide subunits (two or more tertiary configuration) interact to form a larger molecule
- fibrous proteins: collagen, sik, actin, elastin
- globular proteins: hemoglobin, immunoglobulins
-
nucleic acids
complex polymer of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis resulting in the formation of phosphodiester bonds linking the pentose sugar of one nucleotide to the pentose sugar of other molecule
-
nucleotides basic components
- sugar: either deoxyribose or ribose (pentose)
- phosphate
- nitrogenous base: adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cystosine (C)
[thymine(T) in DNA, uracil (U) in RNA]
-
nitrogenous bases two configurations
- pyrimidine: 6ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms: cytosine, thymine, uracil
- purine: 6ring of carbon and nitrogen fused to 5ring: adenine, guanine
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