Lish

Reactions to drugs that are more severe than side effects

Movement of drug particles from the gastrointestinal tract to body fluids; requires a carrier, such as an enzyme or protein, to move the drug against a concentration gradient.

Drugs that produce a response

drugs that block a response

The percentage of an administered drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation

a diagnostic test that determines renal function

the breakdown of a tablet into smaller particles

The dissolving of the smaller particles of a tablet in the gastrointestinal fluid before absorption

the process by which the drug becomes available to body fluids and body tissues

The length of time a drug has a pharmacologic effect

excretion of a drug, mainly throught he kidneys (urine), Other routes of elimination include hepatic metabolism, bile, feces, lungs, saliva, sweat, and breast milk.

fillers and inert substances found in tablets

the process in which a drug passes to the liver first, (reduces the amount of drug available)

drugs not bound to protein

the time it takes for one half of a drug concentration to be eliminated

drugs with a wide margin of safety and less danger of producing toxic effects

The site on the receptor in which drugs bind

A large initial dose of drug given when an immediate drug response is desired to achieve rapid minimum effective concentration in the plasma

drugs with a narrow margin of safety for which the drug effect should be closely monitored

occurs in the gastrointestinal tract and liver; however, the liver is the primary site.

drugs that affect various receptors

drugs that affect various sites

that time it takes to reach the minimum effective concentration (MEC) after a drug is administered

movement of drug particles from the gastrointestinal tract to body fluids that occurs mostly by diffusion (movement from higher concentration to lower concentration)

occurs when the drug reaches its highest blood or plasma concentration

the highest plasma concentration of drug specific time

the first phase of drug action

the study of drug concentration and its effects on the body

the effect of a drug action that varies from a predicted drug response because of genetic factors or hereditary influence

the process of drug movement to achieve drug action

the process by which cells carry drug across their membrane by engulfing the drug particles

a psychologic benefit from a compound that may not have the chemical structure of a drug effect

the time it takes a drug to disintegrate and dissolve, becoming available for the body to absorb it

four families, including (1) kinase-linked receptors, (2) ligand-gated ion channels, (3) G protein-coupled receptor systems, and (4) nuclear receptors

physiologic effects of drugs not related to desired drug effects. All drugs have side effects, and are either desirable or undesirable.side effects occur and are predictabke

a rapid decrease in respone to a drug

estimates the margin of safety of a drug through the use of a ration that measures the effective (therapeutic or concentration) dose (ED) in 50% of persons or aninmals (ED50) and the lethal dose (LD) in 50% of animals (LD50).

The range of drug concentration in plasma, which should be between the minimum effective concentration in the plasma for ovtaining a desired drug action and the minimum toxic concentration, or the toxic effect

evaluates three parameters of drug action:(1) the onset of drug action, (2) peak action, and (3) duration of action

a decreased responsiveness over the course of drug therapy

the first adverse symptoms that occur at a particular dose. Toxic effects can be identified by monitoring the plasm (serum) therapeutic range of the drug

the fist adverse symptoms that occur at a particular dose. toxicity can be identified by monitoring the plasma (serum) therapeutic range of the drug

the lowest plasma concentration of a drug, which measures the rate at which the drug is eliminated

the first phase of the nursing process. Data provided by the assessment form the basis on which care is planned, implemented, and evaluated. Data collection involves both subjective and objective infromation

an awareness of the culture implications for a client and/or the client's family

the phase of the nursing process that addresses the effectiveness of health teaching about drug therapy and the attainment of goals

expected outcomes for a clien, determined during the planning phase of the nursing process

the phase of the nursing process that includes the nursing actions and interventions necessary to accomplish the established goals or expectied outcomes

a clinical judgement about individual, family, or community responses to actual and potential health problems or life processes. a diagnosis made by a RN based on analysis of the assessment data

the phase of the nursing process characterized by goal setting or expected outcomes; it also includes development of nursing interventtions that will be used to assist the client in meeting outcomes

• SR-sustained or slow release
• XL- extended length
• CR-controlled release
• CD-controlled doseage
• DS-double strength

• Generic-short, simple (acetainphen, ibuprofen)
• trade-proprietatry registration, patented and owned (motrin, tylenol)
• chemical- molecular structure and chemistry (propionic acid) motrin

the study of drugs. a drug is any substance or chemical that affects processes of an organism. thier is no ideal drug

• right client
• right drug
• right dose
• right time
• right route

• right documentation
• right assessment
• right to education
• right evaluation
• right to refuse

• read physician's order carefully
• verify the identiy of the patient (2 forms)
• read the medication label carefully (3x)
• verify dosage calculations (ml (cc) and mg volume vs. mass
• implement andy special handling
• know why the drug is being given

• Lipids
• lipid soluble drugs cross cell membranes by dissolving in the lipid layer

water soluble cross thru via pores and channels

the first phase of drug action. Disintegration and dissolution

• pharmaceuttic phase
• pharmacokinetices-four processes- absorption, distribution, metabolism (or biotrasformation)
• and excretion (or elimination)
• pharmacodynamics

• Normal pH values
• stomach:1-3
• Duodenum:6
• jejunum and ileum:7-8
• pH in urine 4.5-8

• pH of stomach has a significant effect on absorption
• low pH will increase absorption of acidic drugs and can destroy potency of some drugs

designed to protect the idividual clients choice,promote individual autonomy, protect clients and subjects from harm avoid harm and duress in the health care, incourage professionals to be thourgh and clear in communicating information, promote educated decision making among clients, and promote self determination of the client

drug that causes liver to synthesize more enzymes -> increasing rate of biotransformation (metabolism) speeds it up

wrong drug or drug dose given to a client resulting in death

the omitting of a drug, which results to the death of a client

giving the drug by the wrong route, resulting in the death of a client

designed to remedy the escalating problems of drug abuse

• schedule I (C-I)-drugs with high abuse potential (no medical use)
• schedule II- (C-II)drugs with high potential for drug abuse (accepted medical use can lead to strong physical and psychologic dependancy)
• schedule III- (C-III)-medically accepted drugs. potential abuse is less that C-I/C-II may cause dependence
• schedule IV (C-IV)- medically accepted drugs, may cause dependence
• schedule V (C-V)- medically accepted drugs. very limited potential for dependence

tighteded controls on drug safety, especially experimental drugs, and required that adverse reaction and contraindications must be labeled and included in the literature

established th FDA (food and drug administration) to monitor and regulate the manufacture and marketing of drugs. Only frugs considered safe by the FDA are approved for marketing

the current authoritative source for drug standards. revised every 5 years. Drugs that meet their high standards have the initials USP following their official name

serves to provide financial assistance to seniors to purchase needed prescription medications

The FDA is authorized to require testing by drug manufacturers of drugs and biologic products for their safty and effectiveness in children

reputable source approved to be non-conterfeit drugs must have the VIPPS seal

Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects