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what are food colors?
Compounds used to enhance appeal / acceptability of foods to consumers.
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what are 2 categories of food colouring agents?
Natural and Synthetic (Certified)
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what are synthetic compounds used for?
Synthetic compounds applied to color food, drugs, cosmetics, or human body parts.
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what is the rationale for adding food colorants?
- To make up for color losses following exposure to light, air, moisture and variations in temperature;
- To enhance naturally occurring colors;
- To add color to foods that would otherwise be colorless or colored differently.
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how are Synthetic (certified) food colors made?
By chemical synthesis
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how are Natural (uncertified) food colors made?
From plants, animal, microbial and mineral
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what are some examples of synthetic food colorants?
- FD&C Blue No. 1
- FD&C Blue No. 2 (a.k.a., Indigotine)
- FD&C Green No. 3
- FD&C Red No. 40 (a.k.a., Allura Red)
- FD&C Red No. 3 (a.k.a., Erythrosine)
- FD&C Yellow No. 5 (a.k.a., Tartrazine)
- FD&C Yellow No. 6 (a.k.a., Sunset Yellow)
- *Orange B
- *Citrus Red
- ** limited use only
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what are some examples of natural food colorants?
- Annatto
- Betanin
- Caramel
- Cochinean
- Chlorophyllin
- Lycopene
- Paprika
- Saffron
- Tumeric
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what are 2 forms of certified food colors?
Dyes and Lakes
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what are dyes?
- Water soluble salts of Na+
- Sold as powders, granules, liquids
- Dyes are manufactured as powders, granules, or liquids.
- They can be used in beverages, dry mixes, baked goods, confections, dairy products, pet foods, and a variety of other products.
- Relatively larger amounts of dyes consumed versus lakes.
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what are lakes?
- Water insoluble,
- Marketed as pastes & dispersions
- Lakes are Al or Ca salts of dyes;
- Ideal for coloring fatty / oily food products.
- Lakes are made by combining dyes with salts (Ca2+ & Al3+) to make insoluble compounds.
- Lakes color foods by dispersion.
- Lakes are not oil soluble, but are oil dispersible.
- Lakes are more stable than dyes and are ideal for coloring products containing fats and oils or items lacking sufficient moisture to dissolve dyes.
- Typical uses include coated tablets, cake and doughnut mixes, hard candies and chewing gums, lipsticks, soaps, shampoos, etc.
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what are the advantages and disadvantages of dyes and lakes?***
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what are some food colorant applications?
- Beverages
- Candies & Confectioneries
- Dairy Products (e.g., cheese, yoghurt)
- Desserts
- Food Spreads (e.g., butter, margarine, jams & jellies)
- Snack foods
- Soups
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what are the criteria choice of dyes?
- Composition of formulation
- Processing conditions
- Packaging
- Shelf-life requirements
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