A&P Lab Special Senses: Hearing & Equilibrium

The ear is a complex structure that is divided into three major areas: _____ ear, _____ ear, and _____ ear.

The external and middle ear are for ____ whereas the internal ear is for hearing and ____.

The external, or outer ear, is composed primarily of the _____ and the external  _____ meatus.

The _____ or _____ is the skin-covered cartilaginous structure encircling the auditory canal opening.

The external acoustic meatus, or ________ canal, is short, narrow chamber carved into the temporal bone

The external auditory canal (external acoustic meatus) has skin-lined walls with wax-secreting glands called ______.

Sounds that enter the external auditory canal eventually encounter the  ______, or ear drum.

What divides the middle and external ear?

The middle ear is essentially a small chamber- the  ______ cavity-found within the temporal bone.

The tympanic cavity is spanned by three small bones, collectively called the __________. (malleus, incus, stapes), which articulate to form a lever system that amplifies and transmits the vibratory motion of the eardrum to the fluids of the inner ear via _____.

Name the auditory ossicles? 
Name the other common name for each.

Connecting the middle ear chamber with the nasopharynx is the ______, or auditory, tube (formally known as the eustachian tube).

The eardrum does not _____ properly unless the pressures on both of its surfaces are the same.

What is otitis media?

The internal (inner) ear consists of a system of bony and rather tortuous chambers called ____, or bony labyrinth, which is filled with an aqueous fluid called ______.

Suspended in the perilymph is the contours of the membranous labyrinth, a system that mostly follows the contours of the _____ labyrinth. 

The membranous labyrinth is filled with a more viscous fluid called _______.

The _____  is composed of the auricle, lobule, external auditory canal, ceruminous glands, and tympanic membrane.

_____ (pinna) is the skin covered cartilaginous structure encircling the auditory canal opening.

____ is the portion of the pinna that lies inferior to the auditory canal.

Ceruminous glands are found in the ________ canal and secrete ____.

Tympanic membrane (eardrum) separates the external and middle ear and vibrates at the _______ frequency as the sound hitting it.

Pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube) connects the middle ear to the inner ear

This tube is normally flat however to equalize the pressure of the middle ear with the external air pressure during _____ or _____ the tube opens temporarily.

The osseous labyrinth contains three subdivisions.

1-2: Vestibule and semicircular canals are involved with equilibrium.

3: Cochlea which contains the sensory receptors for hearing and contains two chambers divided by the cochlear duct.

_____ is the upper chamber, filled with perilymph and terminates at the ____, which seats the plate of the stapes.

_____ is the lower chamber, filled with perilymph and is bounded by a membranous area called the ____.

_____ (scala media) is filled with endolymph and supports the spiral organ of Corti
The _____ contains the receptors for hearing - the hair cells and nerve ending of the cochlear nerve.

InnerEar; membranous labyrinth:

Name the receptors associated with hearing? 

With Equilibrium?

What is presbycusis?

Anatomy of the Spiral Organ of Corti

The hair cells (auditory receptors) rest on the ____ membrane, which forms the floor of the cochlear duct.
The ____ membrane is a gelatinous membrane that overlies the "hairs" (stereocilia).
The vestibular membrane forms the ____ of the cochlear duct.

Mechanism of Hearing

The mechanism of hearing begins as sound waves pass from the external ear through the external auditory canal to the middle ear and into the internal ear where it eventually reaches the ____________.

The traveling wave theory of von Békésy suggests that the ____ in the oval window initiates waves that cause maximal displacement of the basilar membrane and stimulate the hair cells in the spiral organ of Corti.

High-frequency waves peak near the oval window.
Low-frequency waves peaked near the ____ of the cochlea.

Mechanism of Hearing

The mechanism of hearing begins as sound waves pass from the external ear through the external auditory canal to the middle ear and into the internal ear where it eventually reaches the spiral organ of Corti.

The traveling wave theory of von Békésy suggests that the stirrup in the oval window initiates waves that cause maximal displacement of the basilar membrane and stimulate the ____  in the spiral organ of Corti.

High-frequency waves peak near the ____.
Low-frequency waves peaked near the apex of the cochlea.

The equilibrium apparatus (vestibular apparatus) of the inner ear is composed of the ____ and ____ of the bony labyrinth.

-Vestibule contains the saclike ____ and ____.
-Semicircular canals contain membranous semicircular ducts.
--These membranes are filled with endolymph and contain receptor cells that are activated by bending their cilia

The equilibrium apparatus (vestibular apparatus) of the inner ear is composed of the vestibule and semicircular canals of the bony labyrinth.

-Vestibule contains the saclike utricle and saccule.
-Semicircular canals contain membranous semicircular ___.
--These membranes are filled with ____ and contain receptor cells that are activated by ____ their cilia

Semicircular canals are involved with the mechanism of ____ equilibrium.

____ is an enlarged region at the base of the semicircular duct which communicates with the utricle of the vestibule.
-_____ is the receptor region within the ampulla which consists of a tuft of hair cells covered with a gelatinous cap called the cupula.

Endolymph within the semicircular canal pushes the cupula in a direction opposite to the angular motion in which the head moves. This causes a depolarization of the hair cells and enhances transmission, however when the motion suddenly stops it cause hyperpolarization, which is the spinning sensation one feels.

Semicircular canals are involved with the mechanism of dynamic equilibrium.

Ampulla is an enlarged region at the base of the semicircular duct which communicates with the utricle of the vestibule.
-Crista ampullaris is the receptor region within the ampulla which consists of a tuft of hair cells covered with a gelatinous cap called the cupula.

Endolymph within the semicircular canal pushes the cupula in a direction ____ to the angular motion in which the head moves. This causes a ____ of the hair cells and enhances transmission, however when the motion suddenly stops it cause hyperpolarization, which is the ____ sensation one feels.

____ are located on the walls of the saccule and utricle of the vestibule, and contain the hair cells essential to the mechanism of static equilibrium.

Maculae respond to  pull providing information on which way is . . .

Maculae:

Hair cells are embedded in an _____, a gelatinous material containing calcium carbonate (____).

When the head moves the otoliths move in response causing hyperpolarization or depolarization of the hair cells and modify rate of impulse transmission.

Nystagmus: uncontrollable . . .

Vertigo: a sensation of . . .

What is deafness due to a disorder of the auditory system of brainstem or cerebral cortex?

____ hearing loss occurs when there is a problem conducting sound waves anywhere along the route through the outer ear, tympanic membrane (eardrum), or middle ear (ossicles).

Purpose of the balance test

Purpose of the Barany Test

Purpose of Romberg Test.

The ___ test is a quick screening test for hearing. It can detect unilateral (one-sided) conductive hearing loss (middle ear hearing loss) and unilateral sensorineural hearing loss (inner ear hearing loss).

The ____ test  is a hearing test, primarily for evaluating the loss of hearing in one ear (unilateral hearing loss).

It compares the perception of sounds transmitted by air conduction to those transmitted by bone conduction through the mastoid.

Thus, one can quickly screen for the presence of conductive hearing loss.

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