Nutrition digestion and absorption

Animals are ______ and derive their nutrition by eating other organisms. ______ can synthesize their necessary nutrients. _______ depend on this synthesis and have adapted to take advtg

The metabolic rate measures _____ ____ of an animal that are met by food intake and digestion. Foods that provide energy are ____, _____ and ______.

Energy budgets compare calories _______ and calories ______ and allow a _____-_____ analysis

Animals must store food between meals. Carbs are stored in the _____ and _____ cells as _____.

The body has enough glycogen stores to last about _____. Fat stores more _____ per gram and with little ______, which make it more compact

Undernourishment is too little food taken in and instead metabolisms of the _____ _____ molecules. ______ is lost to protein synthesis and _____ and _____ are broken down. Decreased protein can lead to ______ (a sign of ______).

Amino acids are the building blocks of _____. Each species has _______ ______ _____ that they cannot synthesize. Complementary diets can supply all eight ______ ____ ____ for adult humans other amino acids are _______ essential.

_______ like proteins are not readily absorbed by the gut, they are too large. Protein structure and function vary by ______. The immune system would attack protein molecules entering ______ from the gut

Macronutrients are ______ required in _____ amounts like ______. Micronutrients are ______ required in _____ amounts like _____. Vitamins are ______ compounds that cannot be _______.

Vitamins can be ____-specific, they can be _____-____ or ______-_____ (g-protein cpld)

Nutrient deficiency leads to _________. Chronic ______leads to a _______ disease

____, the lack of vitamin ___,and _____ the lack of ____ are examples of deficiency diseases.

Inability to absorb a nutrient can also lead to diseases, for example, _____ _____ (vitamin ____ is not absorbed in the _____)

Digestion usually begins in a body _____. Tubular guts have an opening at each end, like the ____ & ____

Small food particles are delivered into the ______ after the stomach. Nutrients are absorbed in the ______. The ______ recovers ions and water and stores undigested waste as _____. A muscular ______ expels feces.

Name the 4 layers of the vertebrate gut

The lumen is the ___ cavity, the mucosa is a layer of _____ cells that secrete _____, ______ enzymes and ______.

Some mucosa absorb nutrients through _____. The submucosa contains (3)

The two layers of smooth muscle outside the submucosa are the ______ _____ layer (innermost) that ______ the gut and the _____ _____ layer (outermost) that _____ the gut

Food goes from the mouth to the _____ after being turned into bolus. It is kept out of the trachea by the closed _____ and the _____. Peristalsis is waves of muscle contractions that move food toward the ______.

______ coordinate the muscles of the esophagus. Contraction is preceded by an _______ wave of relaxation. As an area contracts, the region directly below it ____ so food does not move upwards. As food moves down, it causes the next region to _____.

The lower _______ ______, a ring of muscle, prevents  food from moving backward into the esophagus. The _____ ______ controls the passage of food into the inestine

Chemical digestion begins in the ____ & ____. Salivary glands secrete _____ that mixes with food and _____ _____ in the stomach are lined with three types of secretory cells that protect the stomach, name them

Chief cells secrete _______, the inactive form of a _______ enzyme, pepsin. The low pH in the stomach converts it to the active form. Newly active pepsin activates other _______ molecules, a process called ________

Digestive enzymes are produced in an inactive form the ______. The ____ cannot act on the cells that produce it. In the gut the ______ is activated by another enzymes. Cells lining the gut are protected from enzymes by _____.

Ulcers are sites of damage to the _____ _____. Causes include _____, and lifestyles that lead to excess stomach secretions, especially _____. Warren and Marshall noted that ulcer patients always had an unknown _____ present.

They discovered ______ ______ also causes ulcers, it survives in the stomach by an enzyme reaction that neutralizes acid. ______ are able to cure this type of ucler.

______ is a mixture of gastric juice and partly digested food. The stomach walls contract and move ____ to the bottom of the stomach. The pyloric sphincter allows ___ amounts to enter the ______

Most chemical digestion occurs in the _____ _____. _____ deals in most of the digestion and _____ & _____ deal in most of the absorption

Name the enzymes that breakdown:
bonds of amino acids
carbs
peptides
fats 
nucleases

_____ ____ is increased in parts of the gut that absorb nutrients. The gut wall has folds that have projections called _____. Their surface cells have smaller projections called ______.

Contents of the small intestine pass into the ______ intestine or the _____.  It absorbs _____ & ____ and produces _____. Too much water absorption can lead to _____ while too little can lead to ______

The largest gland in the body is the _____. It has over _____ functions. For it's digestive function, it produces _____.

The basic functional unit of the liver is the _______. pg 42

portal triad is composed of (3)

The liver synthesizes _____ ____ and secretes them as bile. It flows through the _____ duct to the _____, and through the _____ duct to the ______. Both of those ducts come together to make the _____ _____ duct.

Fat signals the ______ to release bile before it reaches the duodenum it is joined by the ______ duct. Fat entering the duodenum stimulates release of the hormone _______ (CCK) that stimulates _____ contraction

Bile contains salts that ______ fats and expose them to _______. ______ are small fat particles that result from the action of bile salts

_____ cells have exocrine functions, they make, store and secrete _______ enzymes. The enzymes are activated in the ______. Other exocrine cells include the _____ and the ______

_____ and _____ have endocrine functions and regulate blood sugar levels