Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen

Excretory systems control ______, ______ and ______ of the ______ fluid and excrete _____. Cell volume depends on water movement to or from ______ _____. Water movement depends on differences in _____ ______.

The osmolarity of a solution is the number of moles of active _____ per liter of _____. The osmolarity of the extracellular fluid must be maintained for _____ _____ balance.

Excretory organs control ______ & ______ of extracellular fluids

How do excretory organs control osmolarity and volume of extracellular fluids

_____ is the output of the excretory system. Name the three processes excretory systems have in common

Animals in different environments have diff. excretory functions. The difference between terrestrial animals and freshwater animals is that terrestrial animals must conserve ____ & ____ while freshwater animals must conserve _____ and ____ ____ ____.

Animals must eliminate metabolic waste product. For instance, carbs and fats end as ____ & ____ and are easily _____. Proteins and nucleic acids contain ______ so metabolism produces ______ ______.

Most species secrete more than one nitrogenous waste. Human are _____ meaning they primarily excrete _____. However, we also excrete _____ ____ and ______

Uric acid is from the metabolism of _____ ____ and _____. Ammonia regulates _____ of extracellular fluid by buffering ____.

Vertebrates are well adapted to excrete excess water. The ______ is the main excretory organ and the nephron is the ____ _____ ____ of the _____. Nephrons filter large volumes of ____ and achieve bulk _______.

Ureters are _____ from the kidney that leads to the ______ _____. While the urethra is a tube for urine _______ leading from the urinary bladder where urine is _____ to the world

Urine formation in vertebrate nephrons involves what three processes

Blood is filtered in the _______, a ball of capillaries. ______ filtrate flows into the _______ tubule where it is modified by reabsorption of _____ _____, ______ and _____.

True or false... further modifications occur in the renal tubules
True False

Blood enters the glomerulus through the _____ _____ and leaves through the ______ ______. The ______ _____ feeds the peritubular capillaries, which surround the tubule and serve as _____ _____

The renal tubule begins with ______ ______ which encloses the glomerulus. ______ are capsule cells that contact the glomerular capillaries and have fine processes that wrap around the capillaries like feet.

What keeps the rate of filtration high in the glomerulus? (2)

_______ are membrane proteins abundant in highly water-permeable areas such as _____ ______ _____ and ______ ______ of ______. They are absent from _____ _____ of _____

The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is responsible for the _____ ______ of water and solutes. Basically keeps the osmolarity _______.

How does the PCT keep osmolarity constant? (3)

Concentration of urine is due to a ________ _______ mechanism in the loops of Henle. Tubule fluid flows in opposite directions in the ______ & _____ _____

The loops increase _____ of interstitial fluid in a ______ way

Renal failure results in _____ & ______ retention (____ blood pressure), ______ retention (_____ poisoning), and ______ aka decreasing pH

Dialysis treatment passes blood through membrane channels bathed in a ______-____ solution to remove ______.