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The periodontium consists of the supporting apparatus of the tooth, including the
gingiva, cementum, alveolar bone and periodontal ligament
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The function of the periodontium is to
support the tooth in the alveolus
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Cementum is the part of the periodontium that _______ by _______
- attaches the teeth to the alveolar bone
- anchoring the periodontal ligament
-
The cementum covers the
entire root
-
Cementum is a hard tissue that is thickest at the ______ and thinnest at _______
- thickest at the apex and in the interradicular areas of multirooted teeth
- the CEJ
-
Cementum receives its nutrition from the
the periodontal ligament
-
Like dentin, cementum can form
throughout the life of a tooth
-
Mature cementum is ____% mineralized inorganic material, ____% organic material and ____ water
-
The percentage of crystalline formation in cementum most closely resembles
bone
-
Cementum forms on the root after
the disintegration of Hertwig’s root sheath
-
After the disintegration of Hertwig’s root sheath the undifferentiated cells of the ______ to come in contact with the newly formed root dentin, inducing the mesenchymal cells to become _______
cementoblasts
-
cementogenesis
laying down cementoid
-
cementoblasts can become entrapped by the __________ becoming ________
- the cementum they produce
- cementocytes
-
Cementum is composed of a
mineralized fibrous matrix and cells
-
The fibrous matrix may consist of both
Sharpey’s fibers and nonperiodontal fibers (collagen fibers of the matrix).
-
Sharpey’s fibers are a portion of the ______ from the ____ that are each
collagen fibers from the periodontal ligament partially inserted into the outer portion of the cementum
-
Each cementocyte lies in its _______. The lacunae also have _______
-
All the canaliculi are oriented toward the periodontal ligament and contain cytoplasmic processes to
obtain nutrients from the periodontal ligament
-
In ____% of cases, the cementum overlaps the enamel at the CEJ
60%
-
In ___% of the cases, the cementum and enamel meet end to end
30%
-
In about ____% of the time, there is a gap between the cementum and the enamel
10%
-
Similar to bone, cementum undergoes histological removal within the tissue as a result of trauma. This involves resorption by odontoclasts resulting in
reversal lines
-
Apposition of cementum can be noted by its layers of ______ or _____
-
Two basic types of cementum are formed by cementoblasts:
-
Acellular cementum consists of the _______ and is called _______
- the first layers of cementum deposited at the dentinocemental junction
- primary cementum
-
Acellular cementum is formed at a ____ rate
slow
-
Cellular or _______ cementum consists of the _________ deposited over the acellular cementum, mainly in the _______
- secondary
- last layers of cementum
- apical 1/3 of the root
-
The width of cellular cementum _______ during the life of the tooth
changes
-
The portion of the jaw bone that contains the roots of the teeth is called the
alveolar bone, alveolar process, or alveolar ridge
-
The portion apical to the roots of the teeth is called ________ which forms the ______
- basal bone
- body of the maxilla or mandible
-
The alveolar bone is divided into the ______ and _____
alveolar bone proper and the supporting alveolar bone
-
The alveolar bone proper is the
lining of the tooth socket or alveolus
-
The alveolar bone proper is also called the
cribriform plate
-
The alveolar bone proper is also called _______ because ________
- bundle bone
- Sharpey’s fibers are inserted into it
-
A portion of the alveolar bone proper is seen on radiographs as the radiopaque
lamina dura
-
The alveolar crest is the _______ the alveolar bone proper
most cervical rim of
-
In a healthy situation, the alveolar crest is slightly apical to the CEJ by about
1 to 2 millimeters
-
The supporting alveolar bone consists of ________ and ________
cortical bone and trabecular bone
-
The cortical bone, or cortical plates, consists of ________ on the _________
- plates of compact bone
- facial and lingual surfaces of the alveolar bone
-
The trabecular bone consists of ______ bone that is located between the _______ and the ________
- cancellous
- alveolar bone proper
- plates of cortical bone
-
Only the portions of trabecular bone _________and ________ are ever seen on any type of radiographs
between the teeth and between the roots
-
The alveolar bone between two neighboring teeth is called the ______ or _______
interdental septum or interdental bone
-
The interdental septum consists of both the
compact bone of the alveolar bone proper and cancellous bone of the trabecular bone
-
The alveolar bone between the roots of the tooth is called the ______ or _______
interradicular septum or interradicular bone
-
The periodontal ligament (PDL) is that part of the periodontium that provides __________
for the attachment of the teeth to the surrounding alveolar bone by way of the cementum
-
The PDL appears as the periodontal space of _________ on radiographs
0.4 to 1.5 millimeters
-
The first bone to go in periodontal disease is the ______ bone
cortical
-
The periodontal ligament is an
organized fibrous connective tissue
-
The roles of the periodontal ligaments are to transmit ________ and act as a ________
- occlusal forces from the teeth to the bone
- shock absorber for the soft tissue structures around the teeth such as the nerves and blood vessels
-
The periodontal ligament also serves as the _________ for the cementum and alveolar bone
periosteum
-
Cells in the periodontal ligament also participate in the
formation and resorption of the hard tissues of the periodontium
-
The periodontal ligament and its nerve supply provide a very efficient _______ allowing us _______ and ___________
- proprioceptive mechanism
- feel even the most delicate forces applied to the teeth and any displacement of the teeth due to these forces
-
The periodontal ligament also transmits _____, _______, _______ and _______
pain, touch, pressure and temperature sensations
-
The periodontal ligament also has a vascular supply, lymphatics and nerve supply, which enter the _________ of the tooth to supply the pulp
apical foramen
-
Two types of nerves are found within the periodontal ligament
- myelinated afferent or sensory nerve
- autonomic sympathetic
-
The ________ is the most common cell in the periodontal ligament
fibroblast
-
The periodontal ligament also has cells not found in other connective tissues, such as
a line of cementoblasts along the cemental surface
-
The periodontal ligament has what kind of cells
osteoclasts and cementoclasts as well as odontoclasts and odontoblasts
-
What group of epithelial cells are located in the periodontal ligament
Epithelial rests of Malassez
-
Most of the fibers of the periodontal ligament are
principal fibers
-
The ends of the principal fibers that are within either cementum or alveolar bone proper are called
Sharpey’s fibers
-
The main principal fiber group is the _________, which consists of what five fiber groups
- alveolodental ligament
- alveolar crest
- horizontal
- oblique
- apical
- interradicular
-
The alveolar crest group of the alveolodental group originates in the ________ and fans out to insert into the _______
- alveolar crest of the alveolar bone proper
- cervical cementum
-
The function of the alveolar crest group is to
resist tilting, intrusive, extrusive and rotational forces
-
The horizontal group of the alveolodental group originates in the _________ and inserts into the ________
- alveolar bone
- cementum in a horizontal manner
-
The function of the horizontal group is to
resist tilting forces, which try to force the tooth to tip either mesially, distally, lingually or facially, as well as rotational forces
-
The _______ group of the alveolodental group is the most numerous of the fiber groups and covers the _______
- oblique
- apical two-thirds of the root
-
The oblique group originate in the _______ and extend ______ to insert _________
- alveolar bone proper
- apically
- more apically into cementum in an oblique manner
-
The function of the oblique group is to
resist intrusive forces, which try to push the tooth inward, as well as rotational forces
-
The apical group of the alveolodental group radiates from the _________ to insert into the _______
- apical region of the cementum
- the surrounding alveolar bone proper
-
The function of the apical group is to
resist extrusive forces, which try to pull the tooth outward, as well as rotational forces
-
The interradicular group of the alveolodental group is found
only in multirooted teeth
-
The interradicular group is inserted in the ________ superficial to ________
cementum of one root to the cementum of the other root(s) superficial to the interradicular septum and thus has no bony attachment.
-
The interradicular group works together with the ______ and _____ groups to _______
- alveolar crest and apical groups
- resist intrusive, extrusive and tilting as well as rotational forces
-
Another principal fiber other than the alveolodental ligament is the _____ or ____
interdental ligament or transseptal ligament
-
The interdental ligament inserts _______ into the ______
- mesiodistally or interdentally
- cervical cementum of neighboring teeth over the alveolar crest
-
Transseptal fibers travel from cementum to cementum without
any bony attachment
-
The function of the transseptal fibers is to resist
rotational forces and thus to hold the teeth in interproximal contact
-
Another group of fibers called the ______ do not support the teeth, but function to support the _______
- the gingival fiber group
- marginal gingival tissues to maintain their relationship to the tooth
-
The gingival fiber group is found within the
lamina propria of the marginal gingiva
-
What are the four GINGIVAL FIBER GROUP
- Circular fibers
- Dentogingival fibers
- Alveologingival fibers
- Dentoperiostial fibers
-
The circular ligament ______
encircles the tooth and serves to maintain gingival integrity
-
The dentogingival ligament inserts in the ______ and extends into ________
- cementum on the root, apical to the epithelial attachment
- the lamina propria of the marginal gingiva
-
The dentogingival ligament has _______ to the cementum
only one mineralized attachment
-
The dentogingival ligament works with the ________ to maintain gingival integrity
circular ligament
-
The alveologingival fibers extend from the ______ into the _________
- alveolar crest of the alveolar bone proper and radiate coronally
- overlying lamina propria of the marginal gingiva
-
The alveologingival fibers help to attach the _____ to the _______
gingiva to the alveolar bone
-
the dentoperiosteal fibers, which course from the
cementum near the CEJ, across the alveolar crest
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