DNA Terms

The molecule that carries genetic information in all living systems

a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis

any of a group of molecules that, when linked together, form the building blocks of DNA or RNA

one of the 4 bases that combine with sugar and phosphate to form a nucleotide subunit of RNA; this nitrogenous base pairs with adenine.

one of the 4 bases that combine with sugar and phosphate to form a nucleotide subunit of DNA; this nitrogenous base pairs with thymine.

one of the 4 bases that combine with sugar and phosphate to form a nucleotide subunit of DNA; this nitrogenous base pairs with adenine.

one of the 4 bases that combine with sugar and phosphate to form a nucleotide subunit of DNA; this nitrogenous base pairs with cytosine.

one of the 4 bases that combine with sugar and phosphate to form a nucleotide subunit of DNA; this nitrogenous base pairs with guanine.

copying DNA for cell division

making RNA from DNA

compound with one amino acid and one carboxyl group

Long chain of amino acids

A phosphorous atom bound to 4 oxygen atoms, but it has many important roles.  Along with sugars and bases, it makes up nucleic acids, like DNA and RNA.  As part of energy carriers, like ATP, it provides energy for moving our muscles.

mRNA turned into amino acids

gene that makes a product and the product does its job.

an enzyme that produces primary transcript RNA. In cells, RNAP is necessary for constructing RNA chains using DNA genes as templates, a process called transcription.

A nitrogen containing molecule that has the same chemical properties as a base.  They make up the building blocks of DNA and RNA;  adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil.

The form of RNA that mediates the transfer of genetic information from the cell nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis. It is synthesized from a DNA template during the process of transcription.

a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule

the nucleotide triplets of DNA and RNA molecules that carry genetic information in living cells.

RNA consisting of folded molecules that transport amino acids from the cytoplasm of a cell to a ribosome

a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA

a DNA sequence that codes for ribosomal RNA. Ribosomes are assemblies of proteins and rRNA molecules that translate mRNA molecules to produce proteins

a segment of DNA to which a transcription factor binds to regulate gene expression by repressing it

a unit made up of linked genes that is thought to regulate other genes responsible for protein synthesis.

(lactose operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and many other enteric bacteria

a DNA- or RNA-binding protein that inhibits the expression of one or more genes by binding to the operator or associated silencers. A DNA-binding repressor blocks the attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter, thus preventing transcription of the genes into messenger RNA.

any part of a gene that will encode a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing

single base modification, is a type of mutation that causes a single nucleotide base substitution, insertion, or deletion of the genetic material, DNA or RNA

Mutations that move an entire gene to a new location.

A change in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism or virus, sometimes resulting in the appearance of a new character or trait not found in the parental type

the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence

occurs when part of a DNA molecule is not copied during DNA replication. This uncopied part can be as small as a single nucleotide or as much as an entire chromosome

a genetic mutation caused by insertions or deletions of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three