Marine Biology

• Sense gravitational pull toward the place that they were born .
• flesh of the salmon begin to show through their skin when it is time for reproduction
• they die so that they can make food for the young that they spawn

• Clones 
• Colonial reproduction on the other hand can arise from sexually formed zygote.

• expenditure of energy 
• time to find a mate 
• competition with other mates 
• need of another person in order to carry on genes

• Genetic variability
• Diversity
• new gene combination
• crossing over and meiosis

• More resistance to competition, disturbance, and we are more likely to pass on our genome Kin selection 
• Eusociality

• Protgyny= ,ale function increase function when it get older and larger
• Proandry- male function does not increase with size. Males are usually smaller and females are larger. Also, in the case where male fight to maintain a group of female mates

• Age for first birth
• Investment-effort
• predictability of success 
• young versus old mortality death rate

• When there was an increase in the catching of these shrimp of a certain size ( above 75mm).
• females were the bigger type of shrimp thus most of the females were being caught and this was affecting the reproductive cycle of the shrimp 
• Thus the shrimp responded by changing in size ( getting smaller)

• plankton's sperm( timing and specificity important)
• when there is direct sperm transfer there is the problem of finding a mate and timing of the reproductive cycle. Specialized binding of the sperm with the egg.

• Lysin makes a hole in the egg cell membrane 
• Bindin allows the sperm to bind to the egg.

• epidemic spawning-(mussels) domino effect of spawning 
• Mass spawning- ( coral) many species spawn in one night 
• Timing of spawning-happens during times of quiet water to maximize fertilization rate ( seaweeds)

undirectional  vs. specific and directed

• Nursing area
• Adult Stock 
• Spawning Area 
• Movement back and forth between adult stock and spawning area

• anadromous- lives in salt water but spawns in fresh water.
• catandromous-fish live in fresh water but spawn in salt water. Happens close to the equator
• Diaadromous - migrate between sea water and freshwater

Make long distance travel but due to pangea when continents were a lot  closer to each other.

• tadpole larva
• lecithtrophic larva

plantotrophic larva

• Planktotrophic 
• Lecithrotropic 
• direct release

• female has large amount of released eggs
• larvae feed on the plankton 
• there is a long dispersal time

• females release less eggs 
• larvae live on the yoke 
• short dispersal time

female lay egg or broods young and they released and crawl away

• Moved by the ways 
• self-seeding eddies
• Larvae rise to the flooding tide 
• they sink to the ebbing tide . This lead to the retention of larvae within estuaries

inportant for nutrients

• geotaxis and photo taxis 
• gastropod

• swash ruider
• move up and down wate colum
• they burriow to escape being washed back

Callineectes sapidus

larvae move to the coastal water but return in later stage

• Presetting problems include:Starvation, predation, and loss of right habitat
• Post-settling problems: Predation, crowding, energy costs of metamorphism

Acorn barnacle

• Large scale
• small scale movement to take advantage of seasonal release, settlement and currents
• Small scale
• negative phototaxis, timing, near cues,

• Is the shoreline moved seaward over time so would the zones over time
• Important in designing effective restoration of dunes

• Hill of sand built by wind or the flow of water 
• Serve important function in protecting inland areas from coastal water intrusion 
• Help to protect and block from the destructive forces of wind and storm

• black lichen- cynobacteri and fungi
• perwinkle-gastropod
• barnacle
• seaweed

• bubler crab 
• inflata 
• gas exchange mambrane on leg

• use cilla to see how far up they wil move
• they move up and down the water column

differentiate two zones

• different vegetation communities. 
• Each zone has a different species composition that is related to the ability of the plant to withstand environmental factors that are prevailing in that zones

• sand deposition and burial 
• salt spray episodes
• sand movement 
• wind velocity 
• sand blasting 
• human activity
• variations in exposure and shelter

• causes occasional floodign
• anoxic conditions 
• leading to distinct vegetation communities known as dune slack communities

• sand trapping and dune forming species 
• have skills in growth and expansion that make them vital for the rebuilding of eroded dunes

further inland there are vegetation communities with vines, woody plants, herbaceous, and sedges vegetation

• dunes gave way further inland to higher vegetation 
• must take into consideration ecological process because dune restoration may not be successful or require a great amount of maintenance otherwise.

• change in species composition within an ecosystem over time 
• or the evolution of plant community overtime following disruption ( pioneer species take over)
• each stage of succession cause change int he physical environment so the succession species is better able to adapt to live int he change environment

• Increasing distance landward results in major changes: 
• vegetation may go through a series of different succession stages  and vegetation communities will change significantly over time. succession recovery could take decades

• Restoration is in fact often defined
• as the management or purposeful manipulation
• of succession to restore damaged ecosystems
• purposeful manipulation of change 
• s, restoration
• is more about initiating or accelerating natural
• successional recovery of native-dominated dune
• ecosystems rather than restoring a particular
• dune state

xpressed a biological community of plants, animals, and fungi which, through the process of ecological succession the development of vegetation in an area over time, had reached a steady state.

• Zonation- characteristics of rocky shores and had 3D due to burrowing animals and other type of animals that live in the sediment.
• zones claim to be universal but there are exceptions.

• Heat stress, desiccation
• reduced feeding time
• wave shock  
• Gas exchange

• Predators: otters and sea stars 
• prey:algae, kelp,ead fish sponges and mussles.
• Skeleton called test made of calcium carbonate 
• Sexually reproduce :Gonopore, Water vascular system, tube feet( allows them to stretch and help with movement)
• Spines of the sea urchin can be long or short; flower sea urchin are the deadliest of all. 
• Toxopneustes pileolus
• some of the spines that release venom can have a fatatl effect such as vomiting, muscle paralysis, burning, and respiratory distress.
• pedicillaria are the biting jaws 
• sea urchin eat the kelp and this can be bad fro organism and beaches
• money making business
• Red Sea Urchin is the longest living 
• slow growth results in longevity 
• could be used in regenerative medicine in order to address of the disease like parkinson's , alzehimer's and heart disease.

• skin madeof placiodscales 
• oil liver that aids with buoyancy
• heart is s-shaped 
• largest shark are the whale sharks 
• nurse sharks are bottom dweller 
• don't have to be in motion 
• Example of mutualism- fin scooping shark sucker ; removing them 
• Parasitology-parasite indicate heavy metals( anthobothrium and pararbothrium)
• Most sharks are loners
• rhidicon typus - the whale shark ( low levels of genetic difference across major ocean populations) 
• turtule behavior based on shark density. more shark less dense and less fat turtles and vice versa
• Spome shark killed for their fins through off the food chain 
• shark ecotourism results in the increase of the economy.

• Galapagos island 
• amblyrhynchus cristatus- marine iguana 
• are herbeveoes and they eat red and geeen algea
• adutls feed in the intertidal and 5% dive to the subtidal 
• anguilloform - type of swimming where the arms are head close to the body and each segment of the body oscillate laterally; undulation.
• Burst velocity is anaerobic and cruise is the opposite.
• use little energy foraging; thus high foraging efficiency
• have ability to shrink based on bone reabsorption; happens tot he females more and this help them to conserve energy.
• Scope of growth lower in el nino time
• el nino- uusaally warm nutrient poor water;series of climatic changes.
• cold blooded ( like me)
• corticosterone- response to stress and involved in the regulation of the immune system, and energy
• ecotourism

As one increases the other decreases

• Clupeus harengus
• cost less to swim at a higher temperature 
• amplitude of tail beating decreasin in cool water with increased kinetic viscosity

• density
• kinetic viscosity 
• dynamic viscosity

• measure of the relative importance of the viscosity and inertia forces in the fluid 
• increase with velocity and size
• large animals have larger Re's
• >100 inertia force dominated 
• <1 viscosity predominates 
• large animals have the ability to coast through the water because they have a high inertial force 
• small animal are usually stop the minute that they stop working to move.

Shrimp that live in sponge

• gastropod mollusc
• receptor protein from eggs and show that small changes in aa help for sprrm to bind to the egg

• parallel flow of stream 
• like plating card slipping pat each other

• streamline is irregular and chaotic 
• happen when Re increase, velcoity increases, diameter increase, and fluid density increases

• at the surface of the water the velocity is 0
• above the surface seems to be flowing at a mainstream velocity

• what goesin must come out 
• v is inversely proportional to the cross section of the pipe
• e.g. double the diameter; half the speed 
• continuity equation

• cells within the sponge 
• cross-sectional are of the choanocytes is much larger than the cross sectional are of the exit curren thus water move through the exit much faster than through the choanocyte

• inverse relationship
• pressure gradient can be generated by different velocity
• e.g. a wing is curved at the top thus the air travel faster on the top and the pressure is lower at the top

• Pressure difference up and downstream of an object
• shape of the marine animal change the pressure drag

• How to reduce drag
• flexibility growth 
• strengthen body 
• side orientation

• cobia that were growin in farm escape and go into pacific where they are not natiuve
• domesticated fish mate with the wildfish of the species and this could weaken the wild population; could also eat or replace wild fish'; bother other species ; competing and eating wild fish; harsh physical environemnt, predators,  and boat attacks
• everything gets to survive
•  the risky salmon
• wild salmon don't have a high lifetime success rate
• recapturing fish after they escape
• Government improved the marine aquaculture standard and the amount of escapees have decreased dramatically
• large monetary expense to address the escape events 
• Creating fish with three chromosomes so they are sterile

• source of protein 
• use of industrial methods for colleting fish 
• pout pressure on fish populations to the point of extinction 
• do not want to overexploit

• biological stand point of tock - populations that are geographically definable and respond to similar environment factors.
• social/ Political standpoint- east-coat states have artificial boundaries. have to understand how big it is, migration, size, and nursery, keep track 0

• Tags
• biochemical and molecular markers( extract substance from fish and see how it is genetically isolated or distinct from another stock); use of DNA and an agarose gel.
• ID is importatn or making rules and regulationssolve disputes

striped base

• measure the landing to estimate stock size yearly
• fishing effort, spatial variability of fish, population size= landing

• number of boats 
• type of gear
• hours per fishers per time 
• fuel consumption

• mortality rate
• nursing and feeding areas
• scope for growth ( physiiological limiting factors)
• come up with a model to predict the state of the fish

• helps to keep track of the age of a fish 
• it is a bone 
• chemical in bone will give idea of where the fish had been and these can be found int he otolith

• change according to last year
• mortality rate
• growth proportion
• reproduction proportion
• helps us to come up with regulation base on model

• newly born that enter and are notice in the first year 
• there is a limit to recruitment because after a point due to the maximum point there is no more resource ther is no positive scope for growth, the shrink, not enough gametes, etc.

• the most fish that we can have at the moment 
• at half the carrying capacity the stock size is at its maximum

• hooks ( long lining)
• nets
• traps
• regulate size of net and size of the boat

• unintended fish that is caught with the intended 
• they are not commercially viable

• enivormnmental change 
• random factor (  human activity )
• overfishing

• long generation times 
• low fecundity 
• confined 
• easily caught

Salmon

• purse seine- circle salmon and slowly let out the net
• trolling- slowing polling net through the water
• drift gill net- fish cant see it, only head get through and the fish is stuck

• still considered wild 
• cut out the gonads of salmon and fertilize them

• economic perspective
• biological perspective

They looked at six subspecies of abalone

allow spartina to exchange gases with anoxic soil

• jumbo shrimp
• go from male to female

• red grouper
• protogyny from female to male

• shrimp that live in sponges 
• eusocial: division of labor care for young and overlapping generations
• older shrimp recognized the foreigner 
• older have mrore conact with foreigners

cooperative car for young peo

acorn barnacle

slug( c. fornicata)

callincetus sapidus ( blue crab)

• migrate to sagassum
• anguilla
• rostrata

• different niches that are creates 
• live in on place
• spawn place 
• dispersal and migration based on resources

• no comp
• kin selction- make sure genome moves on 
• eusociality 
• resitance 
• less comp
• need stable environment ( entire ocean)
• example: synapheus regalis

musscle

coral

seaweed

• spawn half moon ( low tide)
• can regrow
• epicenter of larvae releae helped the dispersal 
• coral settlement less as you got further way from center

• flood tide to freshwater so crab likey
• ebhy opposite

• swells fresh shrink salt
• exp of osmitoc pressure

• ion reg
• cell voulme

• thing with exo
• crabs

• free amino acids used as ions 
• bigger need more cell volum reg

• more water
• more concentrated pee

• more absorbance of λ when we go down
• pressure
• naviagation
• allow detection of prey pred.
• plankton uses area that available to them

• through down to see how clear 
• cant see anymore means to odeep