-
Salmon
- Sense gravitational pull toward the place that they were born .
- flesh of the salmon begin to show through their skin when it is time for reproduction
- they die so that they can make food for the young that they spawn
-
Non sexual reproduction
- Clones
- Colonial reproduction on the other hand can arise from sexually formed zygote.
-
Cost of Sex
- expenditure of energy
- time to find a mate
- competition with other mates
- need of another person in order to carry on genes
-
Benefits of Sex
- Genetic variability
- Diversity
- new gene combination
- crossing over and meiosis
-
Modules
- More resistance to competition, disturbance, and we are more likely to pass on our genome Kin selection
- Eusociality
-
Sequential Hermaphrodites
- Protgyny= ,ale function increase function when it get older and larger
- Proandry- male function does not increase with size. Males are usually smaller and females are larger. Also, in the case where male fight to maintain a group of female mates
-
4 factors in reproductive sucess
- Age for first birth
- Investment-effort
- predictability of success
- young versus old mortality death rate
-
Paladus Jordani ( Shrimp)
- When there was an increase in the catching of these shrimp of a certain size ( above 75mm).
- females were the bigger type of shrimp thus most of the females were being caught and this was affecting the reproductive cycle of the shrimp
- Thus the shrimp responded by changing in size ( getting smaller)
-
Direct versus spawning
- plankton's sperm( timing and specificity important)
- when there is direct sperm transfer there is the problem of finding a mate and timing of the reproductive cycle. Specialized binding of the sperm with the egg.
-
Bindin and Lysin
- Lysin makes a hole in the egg cell membrane
- Bindin allows the sperm to bind to the egg.
-
timing and sperm and egg release
- epidemic spawning-(mussels) domino effect of spawning
- Mass spawning- ( coral) many species spawn in one night
- Timing of spawning-happens during times of quiet water to maximize fertilization rate ( seaweeds)
-
Dispersion vs. migration
undirectional vs. specific and directed
-
Migration scheme
- Nursing area
- Adult Stock
- Spawning Area
- Movement back and forth between adult stock and spawning area
-
Migration Types (-Dromous)
- anadromous- lives in salt water but spawns in fresh water.
- catandromous-fish live in fresh water but spawn in salt water. Happens close to the equator
- Diaadromous - migrate between sea water and freshwater
-
Migration of eel
Make long distance travel but due to pangea when continents were a lot closer to each other.
-
Botrylluw schlosseri
- tadpole larva
- lecithtrophic larva
-
Cynmatium parthenopetum
plantotrophic larva
-
Dispersal of Benthic species(3)
- Planktotrophic
- Lecithrotropic
- direct release
-
Plaqntotrophic release
- female has large amount of released eggs
- larvae feed on the plankton
- there is a long dispersal time
-
llecithotropic release
- females release less eggs
- larvae live on the yoke
- short dispersal time
-
direct release
female lay egg or broods young and they released and crawl away
-
Issue for the release of gametes( larvae)
- Moved by the ways
- self-seeding eddies
- Larvae rise to the flooding tide
- they sink to the ebbing tide . This lead to the retention of larvae within estuaries
-
Salt marsch creeks
inportant for nutrients
-
lithotrina neritoides
- geotaxis and photo taxis
- gastropod
-
Emerita
- swash ruider
- move up and down wate colum
- they burriow to escape being washed back
-
Blue crab
Callineectes sapidus
-
Estuary larval adaption
larvae move to the coastal water but return in later stage
-
Settling problems for Planktonic Larvae
- Presetting problems include:Starvation, predation, and loss of right habitat
- Post-settling problems: Predation, crowding, energy costs of metamorphism
-
semibalamus balanoides
Acorn barnacle
-
Two scaled of larval dispersal and settlement
- Large scale
- small scale movement to take advantage of seasonal release, settlement and currents
- Small scale
- negative phototaxis, timing, near cues,
-
Essay question: Dunestrust.org.nz: Zonation and Succession
- Is the shoreline moved seaward over time so would the zones over time
- Important in designing effective restoration of dunes
-
Dunes
- Hill of sand built by wind or the flow of water
- Serve important function in protecting inland areas from coastal water intrusion
- Help to protect and block from the destructive forces of wind and storm
-
universal zones
- black lichen- cynobacteri and fungi
- perwinkle-gastropod
- barnacle
- seaweed
-
ZScopimera inflata
- bubler crab
- inflata
- gas exchange mambrane on leg
-
Nertia
- use cilla to see how far up they wil move
- they move up and down the water column
-
wave exposure
differentiate two zones
-
Zonation and dunes vegetation sequence
- different vegetation communities.
- Each zone has a different species composition that is related to the ability of the plant to withstand environmental factors that are prevailing in that zones
-
Physical environmental factors/stressors that lead to zonation of different plant life and animal life
- sand deposition and burial
- salt spray episodes
- sand movement
- wind velocity
- sand blasting
- human activity
- variations in exposure and shelter
-
Low-lying swales
- causes occasional floodign
- anoxic conditions
- leading to distinct vegetation communities known as dune slack communities
-
Spinifex and pingao
- sand trapping and dune forming species
- have skills in growth and expansion that make them vital for the rebuilding of eroded dunes
-
Ground Cover Zone`
further inland there are vegetation communities with vines, woody plants, herbaceous, and sedges vegetation
-
Shrub and forest zone
- dunes gave way further inland to higher vegetation
- must take into consideration ecological process because dune restoration may not be successful or require a great amount of maintenance otherwise.
-
Succession
- change in species composition within an ecosystem over time
- or the evolution of plant community overtime following disruption ( pioneer species take over)
- each stage of succession cause change int he physical environment so the succession species is better able to adapt to live int he change environment
-
Timescales
- Increasing distance landward results in major changes:
- vegetation may go through a series of different succession stages and vegetation communities will change significantly over time. succession recovery could take decades
-
Restoration
- Restoration is in fact often defined
- as the management or purposeful manipulation
- of succession to restore damaged ecosystems
- purposeful manipulation of change
- s, restoration
- is more about initiating or accelerating natural
- successional recovery of native-dominated dune
- ecosystems rather than restoring a particular
- dune state
-
Climax community
xpressed a biological community of plants, animals, and fungi which, through the process of ecological succession the development of vegetation in an area over time, had reached a steady state.
-
Chapter 14 The tidelands
- Zonation- characteristics of rocky shores and had 3D due to burrowing animals and other type of animals that live in the sediment.
- zones claim to be universal but there are exceptions.
-
Factors that affect the vertical gradient of zonation
- Heat stress, desiccation
- reduced feeding time
- wave shock
- Gas exchange
-
Sea Urchin presentation
- Predators: otters and sea stars
- prey:algae, kelp,ead fish sponges and mussles.
- Skeleton called test made of calcium carbonate
- Sexually reproduce :Gonopore, Water vascular system, tube feet( allows them to stretch and help with movement)
- Spines of the sea urchin can be long or short; flower sea urchin are the deadliest of all.
- Toxopneustes pileolus
- some of the spines that release venom can have a fatatl effect such as vomiting, muscle paralysis, burning, and respiratory distress.
- pedicillaria are the biting jaws
- sea urchin eat the kelp and this can be bad fro organism and beaches
- money making business
- Red Sea Urchin is the longest living
- slow growth results in longevity
- could be used in regenerative medicine in order to address of the disease like parkinson's , alzehimer's and heart disease.
-
Sharks Presentation
- skin madeof placiodscales
- oil liver that aids with buoyancy
- heart is s-shaped
- largest shark are the whale sharks
- nurse sharks are bottom dweller
- don't have to be in motion
- Example of mutualism- fin scooping shark sucker ; removing them
- Parasitology-parasite indicate heavy metals( anthobothrium and pararbothrium)
- Most sharks are loners
- rhidicon typus - the whale shark ( low levels of genetic difference across major ocean populations)
- turtule behavior based on shark density. more shark less dense and less fat turtles and vice versa
- Spome shark killed for their fins through off the food chain
- shark ecotourism results in the increase of the economy.
-
Marine Iguanas
- Galapagos island
- amblyrhynchus cristatus- marine iguana
- are herbeveoes and they eat red and geeen algea
- adutls feed in the intertidal and 5% dive to the subtidal
- anguilloform - type of swimming where the arms are head close to the body and each segment of the body oscillate laterally; undulation.
- Burst velocity is anaerobic and cruise is the opposite.
- use little energy foraging; thus high foraging efficiency
- have ability to shrink based on bone reabsorption; happens tot he females more and this help them to conserve energy.
- Scope of growth lower in el nino time
- el nino- uusaally warm nutrient poor water;series of climatic changes.
- cold blooded ( like me)
- corticosterone- response to stress and involved in the regulation of the immune system, and energy
- ecotourism
-
Kinetic viscosity aand temperature
As one increases the other decreases
-
hewrring larva
- Clupeus harengus
- cost less to swim at a higher temperature
- amplitude of tail beating decreasin in cool water with increased kinetic viscosity
-
Life in a fluid Medium
- density
- kinetic viscosity
- dynamic viscosity
-
Reynolds number
- measure of the relative importance of the viscosity and inertia forces in the fluid
- increase with velocity and size
- large animals have larger Re's
- >100 inertia force dominated
- <1 viscosity predominates
- large animals have the ability to coast through the water because they have a high inertial force
- small animal are usually stop the minute that they stop working to move.
-
Synalpheus regalis
Shrimp that live in sponge
-
Abalone Halistis
- gastropod mollusc
- receptor protein from eggs and show that small changes in aa help for sprrm to bind to the egg
-
Laminar
- parallel flow of stream
- like plating card slipping pat each other
-
Turbulent
- streamline is irregular and chaotic
- happen when Re increase, velcoity increases, diameter increase, and fluid density increases
-
No slip condition
- at the surface of the water the velocity is 0
- above the surface seems to be flowing at a mainstream velocity
-
Principles of continuity
- what goesin must come out
- v is inversely proportional to the cross section of the pipe
- e.g. double the diameter; half the speed
- continuity equation
-
Choanocytes
- cells within the sponge
- cross-sectional are of the choanocytes is much larger than the cross sectional are of the exit curren thus water move through the exit much faster than through the choanocyte
-
pressure vs. velcoity
- inverse relationship
- pressure gradient can be generated by different velocity
- e.g. a wing is curved at the top thus the air travel faster on the top and the pressure is lower at the top
-
Drag
- Pressure difference up and downstream of an object
- shape of the marine animal change the pressure drag
-
Sessile form
- How to reduce drag
- flexibility growth
- strengthen body
- side orientation
-
Escape from marine farm paper
- cobia that were growin in farm escape and go into pacific where they are not natiuve
- domesticated fish mate with the wildfish of the species and this could weaken the wild population; could also eat or replace wild fish'; bother other species ; competing and eating wild fish; harsh physical environemnt, predators, and boat attacks
- everything gets to survive
- the risky salmon
- wild salmon don't have a high lifetime success rate
- recapturing fish after they escape
- Government improved the marine aquaculture standard and the amount of escapees have decreased dramatically
- large monetary expense to address the escape events
- Creating fish with three chromosomes so they are sterile
-
fisheries
- source of protein
- use of industrial methods for colleting fish
- pout pressure on fish populations to the point of extinction
- do not want to overexploit
-
Stock
- biological stand point of tock - populations that are geographically definable and respond to similar environment factors.
- social/ Political standpoint- east-coat states have artificial boundaries. have to understand how big it is, migration, size, and nursery, keep track 0
-
Id of the Stock
- Tags
- biochemical and molecular markers( extract substance from fish and see how it is genetically isolated or distinct from another stock); use of DNA and an agarose gel.
- ID is importatn or making rules and regulationssolve disputes
-
morone saxatilis
striped base
-
Stock size
- measure the landing to estimate stock size yearly
- fishing effort, spatial variability of fish, population size= landing
-
fishing effort
- number of boats
- type of gear
- hours per fishers per time
- fuel consumption
-
Crucial life history info
- mortality rate
- nursing and feeding areas
- scope for growth ( physiiological limiting factors)
- come up with a model to predict the state of the fish
-
otolith
- helps to keep track of the age of a fish
- it is a bone
- chemical in bone will give idea of where the fish had been and these can be found int he otolith
-
Biomass of Stock
- change according to last year
- mortality rate
- growth proportion
- reproduction proportion
- helps us to come up with regulation base on model
-
Recruitment
- newly born that enter and are notice in the first year
- there is a limit to recruitment because after a point due to the maximum point there is no more resource ther is no positive scope for growth, the shrink, not enough gametes, etc.
-
carrying capacity
- the most fish that we can have at the moment
- at half the carrying capacity the stock size is at its maximum
-
Fishing Techniques
- hooks ( long lining)
- nets
- traps
- regulate size of net and size of the boat
-
Bycatch
- unintended fish that is caught with the intended
- they are not commercially viable
-
Stock Reduction factors
- enivormnmental change
- random factor ( human activity )
- overfishing
-
what makes a species vulnerable ?
- long generation times
- low fecundity
- confined
- easily caught
-
-
ways of catching salmon
- purse seine- circle salmon and slowly let out the net
- trolling- slowing polling net through the water
- drift gill net- fish cant see it, only head get through and the fish is stuck
-
hatchery salmon
- still considered wild
- cut out the gonads of salmon and fertilize them
-
How to prevent over-harvesting and the factors negatively affecting fishery stocks?
- economic perspective
- biological perspective
-
Protein sequences in Abalone eggs
They looked at six subspecies of abalone
-
Aerenchyma
allow spartina to exchange gases with anoxic soil
-
Pandalus jordani
- jumbo shrimp
- go from male to female
-
epinephelusm morio
- red grouper
- protogyny from female to male
-
Synalpheus Regalis
- shrimp that live in sponges
- eusocial: division of labor care for young and overlapping generations
- older shrimp recognized the foreigner
- older have mrore conact with foreigners
cooperative car for young peo
-
simultaneous hermaphrodism
acorn barnacle
-
sequencial hermaphrodites
slug( c. fornicata)
-
anadromous (fresh to salt)
callincetus sapidus ( blue crab)
-
catadromous
- migrate to sagassum
- anguilla
- rostrata
-
Resource allocation
- different niches that are creates
- live in on place
- spawn place
- dispersal and migration based on resources
-
module advantages
- no comp
- kin selction- make sure genome moves on
- eusociality
- resitance
- less comp
- need stable environment ( entire ocean)
- example: synapheus regalis
-
epidemic tend to happen in mussles
musscle
-
-
-
corals
- spawn half moon ( low tide)
- can regrow
- epicenter of larvae releae helped the dispersal
- coral settlement less as you got further way from center
-
estuaries of crabs
- flood tide to freshwater so crab likey
- ebhy opposite
-
Golfingia gouldi
- swells fresh shrink salt
- exp of osmitoc pressure
-
-
-
cell volume reg
- free amino acids used as ions
- bigger need more cell volum reg
-
gill
- more water
- more concentrated pee
-
light
- more absorbance of λ when we go down
- pressure
- naviagation
- allow detection of prey pred.
- plankton uses area that available to them
-
Secchi disk
- through down to see how clear
- cant see anymore means to odeep
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