-
cells that secrete chemical signals (such as hormones)
endocrine cells
Some endocrine cells exist as single cells (e.g. in digestive tract)
(page 4 on slide)
-
cells that have receptors for the chemical signals (hormones)
target cells
Circulating hormones diffuse into the blood and can activate target cells far from the site of release
(page 4 on slide)
-
__ signals affect only target cells near the site of release
Paracrine
(page 5 on slide)
-
__ signals affect the cells that released the signal
Autocrine
(page 5 on slide)
-
secretory organs composed of aggregations of endocrine cells which secrete signals into the extracellular fluid
endocrine glands
-
have ducts that carry their signals to the outside of the body or a body cavity. (sweat gland, salivary gland, mammary gland, liver, pancreas)
exocrine glands
-
chemical signals released into the environment
pheromones
-
3 chemical groups of hormones
- peptides or proteins
- steroids
- amines
-
hormones that are water-soluble & are transported in blood with receptors on cell surfaces
peptides or proteins
-
hormones that are synthesized from cholesterol & are lipid-soluble
steroids
must be bound to carrier proteins to be carried in blood
-
hormones that are derivatives of tyrosine (NE, epinephrine, T3, T4)
amines
-
Lipid soluble hormones have receptors __ the cell
inside
(cytoplasmic receptors)
(page 13 on slide)
-
Water-soluble hormones have receptors __ the cell
outside
cannot readily pass the cell membrane
(page 13 on slide)
-
One hormone can trigger __
different responses in different types of cells.
ex. epinephrine for the fight-or-flight response. Epinephrine binds to receptors in the heart, blood vessels, liver, and fat cells.
-
The __ gland is attached to the hypothalamus.
pituitary
connects the nervous & endocrine systems
-
The __ contains blood capillaries known as the portal system.
anterior pituitary
(page 16 & 19 on slide)
-
The __ contains axon tracts going though the infundibulum from the hypothalamus.
posterior pituitary
(page 16 & 19 on slide)
-
Paraventricular nucleus: Projections to the posterior pituitary release __ & __
- oxytocin: stimulates uterine contractions, milk flow, promotes bonding;
- ADH: serves to increase the water retained by the kidneys when necessary
-
Paraventricular nucleus: Projections towards the anterior pituitary release __ & __
thyrotropin releasing hormone; corticotropin releasing hormone
-
The arcuate nucleus releases __
growth hormone-releasing hormone
-
The luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone are released from the __ hormone from the hypothalamus
gonadotropin-releasing
-
The anterior pituitary secretes 4 hormones that act as tropic hormones & control other endocrine glands:
- Thyrotropin (Thyroid Stimulating hormone)
- Luteinizing hormone
- Follicle-stimulating hormone
- Corticotropin (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
(page 27 on slide)
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